Fever: Difference between revisions
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[[Drug toxicity]] from [[medication]]s may cause hyperthermia by interfering with thermal regulation.<ref name="pmid16227063">{{cite journal |author=Rusyniak DE, Sprague JE |title=Toxin-induced hyperthermic syndromes |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=1277-96 |year=2005 |pmid=16227063 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.06.002}}</ref> | [[Drug toxicity]] from [[medication]]s may cause hyperthermia by interfering with thermal regulation.<ref name="pmid16227063">{{cite journal |author=Rusyniak DE, Sprague JE |title=Toxin-induced hyperthermic syndromes |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=1277-96 |year=2005 |pmid=16227063 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.06.002}}</ref> | ||
The distinction between [[serotonin syndrome]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], and toxicity from [[cholinergic agent]]s has been reviewed ([http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/11/1112/T2 see chart]).<ref name="pmid15784664"/> The most difficult distinction is between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome as patients may be on drugs that could cause either disorder. Serotonin syndrome shows hyperkinesia, hyperreflexia, and hyperactive bowel sounds, while neuroleptic malignant syndrome shows bradykinesia, bradyreflexia and normal or diminished bowel sounds. A helpful guide is that "dopamine antagonists produce bradykinesia, whereas serotonin agonists produce hyperkinesia".<ref name="pmid15784664"/> Lastly, neuroleptic malignant syndrome may develop over several days while serotonin syndrome develops faster. | The distinction between [[serotonin syndrome]], [[neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[malignant hyperthermia]], and toxicity from [[cholinergic agent]]s has been reviewed ([http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/352/11/1112/T2 see chart]).<ref name="pmid15784664"/> The most difficult distinction is between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome as patients may be on drugs that could cause either disorder. Serotonin syndrome shows hyperkinesia, hyperreflexia, and hyperactive bowel sounds, while neuroleptic malignant syndrome shows bradykinesia, bradyreflexia and normal or diminished bowel sounds. A helpful guide is that "dopamine antagonists [such as used to sedate a [[psychosis]]] produce bradykinesia, whereas serotonin agonists [such as used to activate a [[depression]]] produce hyperkinesia".<ref name="pmid15784664"/> Lastly, neuroleptic malignant syndrome may develop over several days while serotonin syndrome develops faster. | ||
====Malignant hyperthermia==== | ====Malignant hyperthermia==== | ||
Revision as of 10:34, 2 April 2008
Fever is defined as "an abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process."[1]
Etiology/cause
Acute febrile illness in a healthy adult
Assuming that local inflammatory processes such as an abscess or cellulitis are not present, several clinical findings can suggest the underlying cause of an acute fever.
- Influenza-like illness is defined as "fever (temperature of 100°F [37.8°C] or greater) and a cough and/or a sore throat in the absence of a known cause other than influenza."[2] Possible causes include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, coronaviruses, and metapneumovirus.[3]
- Mononucleosis-like illness is the triad of fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy which suggests infectious mononucleosis. Other possible causes include cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Streptococcus pyogenes, and Toxoplasma gondii.[4]
- Relative bradycardia is when the "pulse is less than expected at a given body temperature"[5] Relative bradycardia suggests an intracellular organism such as salmonella, legionella, and chlamydia.[5] Other causes include Sandfly fever and Dengue fever.
- Arthropathy, when prominent, suggests Parvovirus B19.
- Myalgias, when prominent, suggests Dengue fever.
- Headache, when prominent, suggests West Nile Virus.
Acute febrile illness in an adult with neutropenia
Clinical practice guidelines define febrile neutropenia as "a single oral temperature of >=38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature of >=38.0°C (100.4°F) for >= 1 h. Neutropenia is defined as a neutrophil count of <500 cells/mm3, or a count of <1000 cells/mm3 with a predicted decrease to <500 cells/mm3"[6]
Fever of unknown origin
Fever due to mediations
Hypersensitivity reaction
Medications may cause fever via hypersensitivity reactions.[7]
Toxin-induced hyperthermia
Drug toxicity from medications may cause hyperthermia by interfering with thermal regulation.[8]
The distinction between serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and toxicity from cholinergic agents has been reviewed (see chart).[9] The most difficult distinction is between serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome as patients may be on drugs that could cause either disorder. Serotonin syndrome shows hyperkinesia, hyperreflexia, and hyperactive bowel sounds, while neuroleptic malignant syndrome shows bradykinesia, bradyreflexia and normal or diminished bowel sounds. A helpful guide is that "dopamine antagonists [such as used to sedate a psychosis] produce bradykinesia, whereas serotonin agonists [such as used to activate a depression] produce hyperkinesia".[9] Lastly, neuroleptic malignant syndrome may develop over several days while serotonin syndrome develops faster.
Malignant hyperthermia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
Diagnosis
Mother's touch can diagnose fever among children according to a systematic review.[10] The sensitivity was 89% and specificity was 50%.
References
- ↑ National Library of Medicine. Fever. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007). CDC - Influenza (Flu) - Flu Activity. Retrieved on 2007-11-19.
- ↑ Kelly H, Birch C (2004). "The causes and diagnosis of influenza-like illness". Australian family physician 33 (5): 305–9. PMID 15227858. [e]
- ↑ Hurt C, Tammaro D (2007). "Diagnostic evaluation of mononucleosis-like illnesses". Am. J. Med. 120 (10): 911.e1–8. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.12.011. PMID 17904463. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Babyatsky MW, Keroack MD, Blake MA, Rosenberg ES, Mino-Kenudson M (2007). "Case 35-2007 -- A 30-Year-Old Man with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Recent Onset of Fever and Bloody Diarrhea" 357 (20): 2068–2076. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcpc079029. PMID 18003964. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al (2002). "2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (6): 730–51. PMID 11850858. [e]
- ↑ Mackowiak PA, LeMaistre CF (1987). "Drug fever: a critical appraisal of conventional concepts. An analysis of 51 episodes in two Dallas hospitals and 97 episodes reported in the English literature". Ann. Intern. Med. 106 (5): 728-33. PMID 3565971. [e]
- ↑ Rusyniak DE, Sprague JE (2005). "Toxin-induced hyperthermic syndromes". Med. Clin. North Am. 89 (6): 1277-96. DOI:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.06.002. PMID 16227063. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedpmid15784664 - ↑ Teng CL, Ng CJ, Nik-Sherina H, Zailinawati AH, Tong SF (2008). "The accuracy of mother's touch to detect fever in children: a systematic review". J. Trop. Pediatr. 54 (1): 70–3. DOI:10.1093/tropej/fmm077. PMID 18039678. Research Blogging.