U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Difference between revisions

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The EPA has a staff of about 18,000 people in headquarters and departmental or divisional offices, 10 regional offices, and over 25 laboratories located across the nation. More than half of the staff are engineers, scientists and environmental protection specialists. The others include legal counsel, financial, public affairs and computer specialists.
The EPA has a staff of about 18,000 people in headquarters and departmental or divisional offices, 10 regional offices, and over 25 laboratories located across the nation. More than half of the staff are engineers, scientists and environmental protection specialists. The others include legal counsel, financial, public affairs and computer specialists.


==Brief history==
==History==


[[Image:EPA Building.jpg|right|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:EPA Building.jpg/credit|{{EPA Building.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}EPA Building in Washington, DC<ref>[http://riverfall.blogspot.com/2007/06/washington-dc-day-3.html The EPA Building]</ref>]]
[[Image:EPA Building.jpg|right|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:EPA Building.jpg/credit|{{EPA Building.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}EPA Building in Washington, DC<ref>[http://riverfall.blogspot.com/2007/06/washington-dc-day-3.html The EPA Building]</ref>]]


President Richard Nixon, on July 9,1970, sent his Reorganization Plan 3 to Congress in which he informed them of his wish to create the EPA by combining parts of three federal Departments, three Bureaus, three Administrations and many other offices into the new single, independent agency to be known as the Environmental Protection agency.<ref name=History/>
Kraft (2000) examines the rise and evolution of environmental politics since the 1960s. Originating as a movement built around the conservation of natural resources and an attempt to stave off air, water, and land pollution, environmentalism evolved into a much more sophisticated control regime, one that employed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to slow environmental degradation. This organization, established in 1970 by the [[Richard Nixon|Nicon]] administration with a limited charter, over time has expanded its regulatory function and jousted with the forces of business and economic development. Kraft considers the next major transition in environmental policy to be the process of insuring the "sustainability" of resources through a coalition of interests ranging from policymakers to business leaders, scholars, and individual citizens. At the turn of the 21st century, these often competing groups were wrestling with disparate environmental, economic, and social values.


The House of Representatives held hearings on the reorganization plan in the summer of 1970 and largely supported the President's plan. The Senate also held hearings on the plan in July 1970 and also approved the plan.<ref name=History/>
President [[Richard Nixon]], on July 9, 1970, sent Congress his plan to create the EPA by combining parts of three federal departments, three bureaus, three administrations and many other offices into the new single, independent agency to be known as the Environmental Protection agency.<ref name=History/> Congressional hearings were favorable and on December 2, 1970, the EPA was officially established and began operation.
 
Russell (1997) shows that from 1970 to 1993, the EPA devoted more of its resources to human health issues, notably cancer prevention, than to the protection of nonhuman species. The limited scope of environmental protection was due to a variety of reasons. An institutional culture favored human health issues because most employees were trained in this area. The emphasis on cancer came from the legal division's discovery that judges were more persuaded by arguments about the carcinogenicity of chemicals than by threats to nonhumans. The views of the agency leaders, who followed politically realistic courses, also played an important part in shaping the EPA's direction. Those supporting ecological issues acquired a new tool in the 1980s with the development of risk assessments so that advocates of ecological protection could use language framed by advocates of human health to protect the environment.


On December 2, 1970, the EPA was officially established and began operation.


==Major laws administered by the EPA==
==Major laws administered by the EPA==
Line 70: Line 71:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* Bornyasz, Linda Joy.  "Politics of Enforcement at the Environmental Protection Agency."  PhD dissertation U. of Pennsylvania 1999. 194 pp.  DAI 2000 60(12): 4581-A. DA9953509 
Fulltext: [[ProQuest Dissertations & Theses]]
* Bryner, Gary C. ''Blue Skies, Green Politics: The Clean Air Act of 1990 and Its Implementation'' (1995).
* Collin, Robert W. ''The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act'' (2005)
* Funke, Odelia. "Struggling with Integrated Environmental Policy: the EPA Experience." ''Policy Studies Review'' 1993 12(3-4): 137-161. Issn: 0278-4416 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Harris, Richard A. and Milkas, Sidney M.  ''The Politics of Regulatory Change: A Tale of Two Agencies.'' (1989). 334 pp. 
* Hays, Samuel P. ''Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985'' (1987).
* Kamieniecki, Sheldon, and Michael E. Kraft. ''Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Business-Environmental-Policy-Corporate-Comparative/dp/0262612186/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1204540076&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Kraft, Michael E. "U.S. Environmenal Policy and Politics: from the 1960s to the 1990s." ''Journal of Policy History'' 2000 12(1): 17-42. Issn: 0898-0306 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]
* Kraft, Michael E. ''Environmental Policy and Politics'' (3rd ed 2006)
* Lacey, Michael J. ed. ''Government and Environmental Politics: Essays on Historical Developments Since World War Two'' (1989)
*  Landy, Marc K., Marc J. Roberts, and Stephen R. Thomas. ''The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions,'' (2d ed. 1994).
* Lester, James P. ''Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence'' (2nd ed. 1995)
* Lieber, Harvey.  ''Federalism and Clean Waters: The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act.'' (1975). 288 pp. 
* Marcus, Alfred A.  ''Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy.''  (1980). 204 pp. 
* O'Leary, Rosemary. ''Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA'' (1993).
* Paehlke, Robert C. ''Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics'' (1989)
* Russell, Edmund P., III. "Lost among the Parts per Billion: Ecological Protection at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1970-1993." ''Environmental History'' 1997 2(1): 29-51. Issn: 1084-5453
* Schoenbrod, David.  ''Saving Our Environment from Washington: How Congress Grabs Power, Shirks Responsibility, and Shortchanges the People.'' Yale U. Press, 2005. 320 pp. Argues states and localities should assume many of EPA's roles
* Whitaker, John C. ''Striking a Balance: Environment and Natural Resource Policy in the Nixon-Ford Years'' (1976).
==External links==
* [http://www.questia.com/library/science-and-technology/epa.jsp annotated bibliography]
====notes====
<references/>


[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:CZ Live]]
[[Category:Chemical Engineering Workgroup]]
[[Category:Chemical Engineering Workgroup]]
[[Category:Topic Informant Workgroup]]
[[Category:Politics Workgroup]]
[[Category:History Workgroup]]

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(PD) Image: U.S. EPA
The official seal of the the U.S. EPA.[1]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or U.S. EPA) is an independent agency of the Government of the United States of America created by an act of Congress in 1970 and is part of the executive branch of the government.[2][3] The primary mission of the EPA is to protect human health and safeguard the natural environment (air, water and land) of the nation.[4]

The EPA was established to combine into a single agency many of the existing federal government activities of research and development, monitoring, setting of standards, compliance and enforcement related to protection of the environment.

The EPA has a staff of about 18,000 people in headquarters and departmental or divisional offices, 10 regional offices, and over 25 laboratories located across the nation. More than half of the staff are engineers, scientists and environmental protection specialists. The others include legal counsel, financial, public affairs and computer specialists.

History

© Photo: Simmons B. Buntin / Terrain.org
EPA Building in Washington, DC[5]

Kraft (2000) examines the rise and evolution of environmental politics since the 1960s. Originating as a movement built around the conservation of natural resources and an attempt to stave off air, water, and land pollution, environmentalism evolved into a much more sophisticated control regime, one that employed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to slow environmental degradation. This organization, established in 1970 by the Nicon administration with a limited charter, over time has expanded its regulatory function and jousted with the forces of business and economic development. Kraft considers the next major transition in environmental policy to be the process of insuring the "sustainability" of resources through a coalition of interests ranging from policymakers to business leaders, scholars, and individual citizens. At the turn of the 21st century, these often competing groups were wrestling with disparate environmental, economic, and social values.

President Richard Nixon, on July 9, 1970, sent Congress his plan to create the EPA by combining parts of three federal departments, three bureaus, three administrations and many other offices into the new single, independent agency to be known as the Environmental Protection agency.[4] Congressional hearings were favorable and on December 2, 1970, the EPA was officially established and began operation.

Russell (1997) shows that from 1970 to 1993, the EPA devoted more of its resources to human health issues, notably cancer prevention, than to the protection of nonhuman species. The limited scope of environmental protection was due to a variety of reasons. An institutional culture favored human health issues because most employees were trained in this area. The emphasis on cancer came from the legal division's discovery that judges were more persuaded by arguments about the carcinogenicity of chemicals than by threats to nonhumans. The views of the agency leaders, who followed politically realistic courses, also played an important part in shaping the EPA's direction. Those supporting ecological issues acquired a new tool in the 1980s with the development of risk assessments so that advocates of ecological protection could use language framed by advocates of human health to protect the environment.


Major laws administered by the EPA

The EPA administers over a dozen major environmental laws including:[6]

  • Clean Air Act
  • Clean Water Act
  • Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, also known as Superfund) and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
  • Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act
  • Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
  • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
  • Oil Pollution Act of 1990
  • Safe Drinking Water Act
  • Solid Waste Disposal Act and Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)
  • Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

Organization of the EPA

The EPA has a number of departments or divisions as well as ten regional offices:[7]

  • Administrator and Deputy Administrator
    • Office of the Chief Financial Officer
    • Office of the General Counsel
    • Office of the Inspector General
  • Assistant Administrator for Administration and Resources Management
  • Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
  • Assistant Administrator for International Affairs
  • Assistant Administrator for Environmental Information
  • Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation
  • Assistant Administrator for Water
  • Assistant Administrator for Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
  • Assistant Administrator for Research and Development
  • Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste and Energency Response
  • Regional offices[7]
    • Region 1 (Boston) Serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont & 10 Tribal Nations
    • Region 2 (New York) Serving New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and 7 Tribal Nations
    • Region 3 (Philadelphia) Serving Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia
    • Region 4 (Atlanta) Serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and 6 Tribes
    • Region 5 (Chicago) Serving Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin and 35 Tribes
    • Region 6 (Dallas) Serving Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas and 65 Tribes
    • Region 7 (Kansas City) Serving Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska and 9 Tribal Nations
    • Region 8 (Denver) Serving Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming and 27 Tribal Nations
    • Region 9 (San Francisco) Serving Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, the Pacific Islands, and Tribal Nations
    • Region 10 (Seattle) Serving Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Native Tribes

Air Quality Modeling Group

For more information, see: Air Quality Modeling Group.

The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is part of the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards in the U.S. EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) and provides leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollution dispersion models and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessing pollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution sources.

The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

References

  1. ↑ The EPA Seal
  2. ↑ Origins of the EPA: An Environmental Revolution]
  3. ↑ Origins of the EPA: An Agency For The Environment]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 EPA History Home
  5. ↑ The EPA Building
  6. ↑ Environmental Protection Agency, United States Ralph Stuart, Peter Saundry and Sidney Draggan (Contributing Authors); Richard Reibstein (Topic Editor). 2008. "Environmental Protection Agency, United States." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth December 6, 2007; Last revised January 9, 2008; Retrieved January 28, 2008].
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 EPA Organizational Structure

Bibliography

  • Bornyasz, Linda Joy. "Politics of Enforcement at the Environmental Protection Agency." PhD dissertation U. of Pennsylvania 1999. 194 pp. DAI 2000 60(12): 4581-A. DA9953509

Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

  • Bryner, Gary C. Blue Skies, Green Politics: The Clean Air Act of 1990 and Its Implementation (1995).
  • Collin, Robert W. The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act (2005)
  • Funke, Odelia. "Struggling with Integrated Environmental Policy: the EPA Experience." Policy Studies Review 1993 12(3-4): 137-161. Issn: 0278-4416 Fulltext: Ebsco
  • Harris, Richard A. and Milkas, Sidney M. The Politics of Regulatory Change: A Tale of Two Agencies. (1989). 334 pp.
  • Hays, Samuel P. Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (1987).
  • Kamieniecki, Sheldon, and Michael E. Kraft. Business and Environmental Policy: Corporate Interests in the American Political System (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Kraft, Michael E. "U.S. Environmenal Policy and Politics: from the 1960s to the 1990s." Journal of Policy History 2000 12(1): 17-42. Issn: 0898-0306 Fulltext: Project Muse
  • Kraft, Michael E. Environmental Policy and Politics (3rd ed 2006)
  • Lacey, Michael J. ed. Government and Environmental Politics: Essays on Historical Developments Since World War Two (1989)
  • Landy, Marc K., Marc J. Roberts, and Stephen R. Thomas. The Environmental Protection Agency: Asking the Wrong Questions, (2d ed. 1994).
  • Lester, James P. Environmental Politics and Policy: Theories and Evidence (2nd ed. 1995)
  • Lieber, Harvey. Federalism and Clean Waters: The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act. (1975). 288 pp.
  • Marcus, Alfred A. Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy. (1980). 204 pp.
  • O'Leary, Rosemary. Environmental Change: Federal Courts and the EPA (1993).
  • Paehlke, Robert C. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (1989)
  • Russell, Edmund P., III. "Lost among the Parts per Billion: Ecological Protection at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1970-1993." Environmental History 1997 2(1): 29-51. Issn: 1084-5453
  • Schoenbrod, David. Saving Our Environment from Washington: How Congress Grabs Power, Shirks Responsibility, and Shortchanges the People. Yale U. Press, 2005. 320 pp. Argues states and localities should assume many of EPA's roles
  • Whitaker, John C. Striking a Balance: Environment and Natural Resource Policy in the Nixon-Ford Years (1976).

External links

notes

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