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== '''[[Block cipher]]''' ==
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In [[cryptography]], '''block ciphers''' are one of the two main types of [[symmetric cipher]]; they operate on fixed-size blocks of [[plaintext]], giving a block of [[ciphertext]] for each. The other main type are [[stream cipher]]s, which generate a continuous stream of keying material to be mixed with messages.
==Footnotes==
 
The basic function of block ciphers is to keep messages or stored data [[Information_security#Content_confidentiality | secret]]; the intent is that an unauthorised person be completely unable to read the enciphered material. Block ciphers therefore use a [[Key (cryptography)|key]] and are designed to be hard to read without that key. Of course an attacker's intent is exactly the opposite; he wants to read the material without authorisation, and often without the key. See [[cryptanalysis]] for his methods.
 
Among the best-known and most widely used block ciphers are two US government standards. The [[Data Encryption Standard]] (DES) from the 1970s is now considered obsolete; the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES) replaced it in 2002. To choose the new standard, the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] ran an AES competition. Fifteen ciphers were entered, five finalists selected, and eventually AES chosen. Text below gives an overview; for details of the process and the criteria, and descriptions of all fifteen candidates, see the [[AES competition]] article.
 
These standards greatly influenced the design of other block ciphers, and the latter part of this article is divided into sections based on that. [[#DES and alternatives | DES and alternatives]] describes 20th century block ciphers, all with the 64-bit block size of DES. [[#The AES generation | The AES generation]] describes the next generation, the first 21st century ciphers, all with the 128-bit block size of AES. [[#Large-block ciphers | Large-block ciphers]] covers a few special cases that do not fit in the other sections.
 
 
''[[Block cipher|.... (read more)]]''
 
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Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020

Paramhansa Yogananda circa 1920.

Paramhansa Yogananda (5 Jan 1893–7 Mar 1952) was one of the first Indian teachers from the Hindu spiritual tradition to reside permanently in the West, and in particular, he was the first to teach yoga to Americans. He emphasized the universality of the great religions, and ceaselessly taught that all religions, especially Hinduism and Christianity, were essentially the same in their essence. The primary message of Yogananda was to practice the scientific technique of kriya yoga to be released from all human suffering.

He emigrated from India to the United States in 1920 and eventually founded the Self-Realization Fellowship there in Los Angeles, California. He published his own life story in a book called Autobiography of a Yogi, first published in 1946. In the book, Yogananda provided some details of his personal life, an introduction to yoga, meditation, and philosophy, and accounts of his world travels and encounters with a wide variety of saints and colorful personalities, including Therese Neumann, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luther Burbank, and Jagadis C. Bose.

Paramhamsa, also spelled Paramahamsa, is a Sanskrit title used for Hindu spiritual teachers who have become enlightened. The title of Paramhansa originates from the legend of the swan. The swan (hansa) is said to have a mythical ability to sip only the milk from a water-and-milk mixture, separating out the more watery part. The spiritual master is likewise said to be able to live in a world like a supreme (param) swan, and only see the divine, instead of all the evil mixed in there too, which the worldly person sees.

Yogananda is considered by his followers and many religious scholars to be a modern avatar.

In 1946, Yogananda published his Autobiography of a Yogi. It has since been translated into 45 languages, and in 1999 was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.

Awake: The Life of Yogananda is a 2014 documentary about Paramhansa Yogananda, in English with subtitles in seventeen languages. The documentary includes commentary by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, among others.[1][2]

Footnotes
  1. ↑ Wikipedia has an article about the 2014 documentary film.
  2. ↑ The IMBd filmography database has a full cast list and other details about the 2014 documentary film.

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