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| == '''[[Higgs boson]]''' ==
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| The '''Higgs boson''' is a massive spin-0 [[elementary particle]] in the [[Standard Model]] of [[particle physics]] that plays a key role in explaining the mass of other elementary particles. Its experimental discovery was announced in a seminar July 4, 2012.<ref name=Higgs>
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| Announced at a CERN seminar in Geneva. See {{cite web |title=Higgs boson discovery brings scientists close to understanding mass |publisher=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/higgs-boson-discovery-brings-scientists-lose-to-understanding-mass/2012/07/05/gJQA23iQPW_story.html |author=Thomas Mulier and Jason Gale |accessdate=2012-07-05 |quote=The data presented yesterday are the latest from the $10.5 billion [[Large Hadron Collider]], a 27-kilometer (17-mile) circumference particle accelerator buried on the border of France and Switzerland. CERN has 10,000 scientists working on the project...}}
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| </ref><ref name=CERN>
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| {{cite web |title=CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson |date=4 July 2012 |publisher=CERN press office |accessdate=2012-07-05 |url=http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.html}} | |
| </ref> This particle was first proposed by Professor [[Peter Higgs]] of [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]] in 1964 as a means to explain the origin of the masses of the elementary particles by the introduction of an fundamental scalar field. This gives all the fundamental particles mass via a process of spontaneous symmetry breaking called the ''Higgs Mechanism''. The Higgs boson was popularised as the "God particle" by the [[Nobel Prize]]-winning [[physicist]] [[Leon M. Lederman]] in his 1993 popular science book ''The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What is the Question?'' co-written with science writer Dick Teresi.<ref>Leon M. Lederman and R Teresi (1993) ''The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What is the Question?'' Dell. ISBN 0-385-31211-3</ref><ref> [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16618-fermilab-closing-in-on-the-god-particle.html Fermilab 'closing in' on the God particle] ''New Scientist''</ref>
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| ===The Higgs Mechanism===
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| The Higgs Mechanism is vital in explaining the masses of the electroweak W and Z bosons. To understand the problem in giving mass to the vector bosons let us first consider the QED sector of the Standard Model Lagrangian.
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| ::<math>\mathcal{L}_{QED} = \overline{\psi}(i \gamma^\mu\partial_\mu - m)\psi - j^\mu_{em} A_\mu - \frac{1}{4} F_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}</math>
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| Now consider how things will change if we perform a local phase rotation such that:
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| ::<math>\psi(x) \rightarrow \psi'(x) = e^{i \alpha(x)} \psi(x)</math>
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| We would expect the Langrangian to remain invariant under such a rotation since to do otherwise would mean that if I chose a different phase than someone else where we could get different physics results.
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| ''[[Higgs boson|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Higgs boson#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| |}
| | </small> |
Latest revision as of 09:19, 11 September 2020
Paramhansa Yogananda circa 1920.
Paramhansa Yogananda (5 Jan 1893–7 Mar 1952) was one of the first Indian teachers from the Hindu spiritual tradition to reside permanently in the West, and in particular, he was the first to teach yoga to Americans. He emphasized the universality of the great religions, and ceaselessly taught that all religions, especially Hinduism and Christianity, were essentially the same in their essence. The primary message of Yogananda was to practice the scientific technique of kriya yoga to be released from all human suffering.
He emigrated from India to the United States in 1920 and eventually founded the Self-Realization Fellowship there in Los Angeles, California. He published his own life story in a book called Autobiography of a Yogi, first published in 1946. In the book, Yogananda provided some details of his personal life, an introduction to yoga, meditation, and philosophy, and accounts of his world travels and encounters with a wide variety of saints and colorful personalities, including Therese Neumann, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luther Burbank, and Jagadis C. Bose.
Paramhamsa, also spelled Paramahamsa, is a Sanskrit title used for Hindu spiritual teachers who have become enlightened. The title of Paramhansa originates from the legend of the swan. The swan (hansa) is said to have a mythical ability to sip only the milk from a water-and-milk mixture, separating out the more watery part. The spiritual master is likewise said to be able to live in a world like a supreme (param) swan, and only see the divine, instead of all the evil mixed in there too, which the worldly person sees.
Yogananda is considered by his followers and many religious scholars to be a modern avatar.
In 1946, Yogananda published his Autobiography of a Yogi. It has since been translated into 45 languages, and in 1999 was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.
Awake: The Life of Yogananda is a 2014 documentary about Paramhansa Yogananda, in English with subtitles in seventeen languages. The documentary includes commentary by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, among others.[1][2]
