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| == '''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]]''' ==
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| ''by [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]]
| | <small> |
| | | ==Footnotes== |
| ----
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| '''''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''''' is an influential and controversial book on [[grand strategy]], [[international relations]] and world futures, by the late political scientist [[Samuel Huntington]]. He does not rigorously define an abstraction of a [[civilization]], but uses examples, although in a ''[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]'' article he called a civilization "the highest cultural grouping and the broadest level of cultural identity short of that which distinguishes humans from other species."<noinclude><ref name=Huntington-FA>{{citation
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| |title= The Clash of Civilizations?
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| | date = Summer 1993
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| | url = http://uniset.ca/terr/news/fgnaff_huntingtonclash.html
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| | journal = [[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]}}</ref></noinclude>
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| In the book, the chief premise is
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| <blockquote>that culture and cultural identifies, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration and culture in the post-[[Cold War]] world.<ref name=Huntington-1996>{{cite book
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| | title = The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]
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| | publisher= Simon & Schuster
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| | year = 1996
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| | ISBN-10 = 0684811642
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| }},p. 20</ref></blockquote> | |
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| It takes a darker view than some alternative models, such as that of [[Thomas P.M. Barnett]] in ''[[The Pentagon's New Map]]'',<ref name=Barnett>{{cite book
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| | author = Barnett, Thomas P.M.
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| | title = The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
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| | publisher = Berkley Trade
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| | year = 2005
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| | ISBN-10 = 0425202399
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| }}</ref> suggesting that major conflict is likely; "avoidance of a global war of civilization depends on world leaders accepting and cooperating to maintain the multicivilizational character of global politics." He bases this on five corollaries to the central theme: | |
| #Global politics is multipolar and multicivilizational; [[modernization (cultural)|modernization]] is distinct from [[Westernization]]
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| #"The balance of power among civilizations is shifting; the West is declining in relative influence"
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| #"A civilization-based world order is emerging; societies sharing cultural affinities cooperate with each other; efforts to shift societies from one civilization to another are unsuccessful
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| #"The West's universalist pretentions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China"
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| #"The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal"
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| He rejects [[globalization]] as being neither necessary nor desirable. He specifically rejects the [[The End of History and the Last Man|"end of history"]] model of his student, [[Francis Fukuyama]]:<blockquote>we may be witnessing..the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.<ref name=FukuyamaEnd>{{citation
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| | author = [[Francis Fukuyama]]
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| | journal = [[The National Interest]]
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| | title = The End of History
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| | volume = 16
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| | date = Summer 1989
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| | issue = 4 }}, p. 18</ref></blockquote> Note that Fukuyama has sometimes been strongly identified with [[neoconservatism]], which has this ideal of liberal democracy, although his position keeps evolving.
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| ''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| |}
| | </small> |
Paramhansa Yogananda circa 1920.
Paramhansa Yogananda (5 Jan 1893–7 Mar 1952) was one of the first Indian teachers from the Hindu spiritual tradition to reside permanently in the West, and in particular, he was the first to teach yoga to Americans. He emphasized the universality of the great religions, and ceaselessly taught that all religions, especially Hinduism and Christianity, were essentially the same in their essence. The primary message of Yogananda was to practice the scientific technique of kriya yoga to be released from all human suffering.
He emigrated from India to the United States in 1920 and eventually founded the Self-Realization Fellowship there in Los Angeles, California. He published his own life story in a book called Autobiography of a Yogi, first published in 1946. In the book, Yogananda provided some details of his personal life, an introduction to yoga, meditation, and philosophy, and accounts of his world travels and encounters with a wide variety of saints and colorful personalities, including Therese Neumann, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Luther Burbank, and Jagadis C. Bose.
Paramhamsa, also spelled Paramahamsa, is a Sanskrit title used for Hindu spiritual teachers who have become enlightened. The title of Paramhansa originates from the legend of the swan. The swan (hansa) is said to have a mythical ability to sip only the milk from a water-and-milk mixture, separating out the more watery part. The spiritual master is likewise said to be able to live in a world like a supreme (param) swan, and only see the divine, instead of all the evil mixed in there too, which the worldly person sees.
Yogananda is considered by his followers and many religious scholars to be a modern avatar.
In 1946, Yogananda published his Autobiography of a Yogi. It has since been translated into 45 languages, and in 1999 was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.
Awake: The Life of Yogananda is a 2014 documentary about Paramhansa Yogananda, in English with subtitles in seventeen languages. The documentary includes commentary by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar, among others.[1][2]
