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'''Word play''' is defined by Dave Morice as | '''Word play''' is defined by Dave Morice as "the interplay of one or more elements of language that achieves a linguistic special effect beyond ordinary communication" or, in brief, verbal wit. Word play, like language itself, is complex—it can take many forms (puns, puzzles, games, jokes, poems). It has been practiced, either intentionally or unintentionally, by almost every author, but some of the most well-known practitioners include [[William Shakespeare]], [[Lewis Carroll]], [[James Joyce]], [[James Thurber]], [[Ogden Nash]] and [[Vladimir Nabokov]]. | ||
[[Dmitri Borgmann]] in 1965 coined the term "logology" (meaning systematic recreational linguistics) and divided the field into three broad classes: letter play, sound play, and meaning play. During the past 40 years logology (especially letter play) has been extensively developed. | [[Dmitri Borgmann]] in 1965 coined the term "logology" (meaning systematic recreational linguistics) and divided the field into three broad classes: letter play, sound play, and meaning play. During the past 40 years logology (especially letter play) has been extensively developed. | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
*What is a word? | *What is a word? | ||
*All words are interesting | *All words are interesting | ||
==Properties of Letters== | ==Properties of Letters== | ||
| Line 20: | Line 19: | ||
*Headshot and footprint (identifying letters by tops and bottoms) | *Headshot and footprint (identifying letters by tops and bottoms) | ||
*Classification of letter shape (BAKESHOP) | *Classification of letter shape (BAKESHOP) | ||
==Vowels and Consonants== | ==Vowels and Consonants== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 27: | ||
*Univocalic (SENESCENCE) | *Univocalic (SENESCENCE) | ||
*Characterizing words by their consonants (TRuNCaTe, TuRNCoaT) | *Characterizing words by their consonants (TRuNCaTe, TuRNCoaT) | ||
==Letter Patterns== | ==Letter Patterns== | ||
| Line 37: | Line 34: | ||
*Switch word (IN-TERPRET-IN-G) | *Switch word (IN-TERPRET-IN-G) | ||
*Agamemnon word | *Agamemnon word | ||
==Letter Distributions== | ==Letter Distributions== | ||
| Line 44: | Line 40: | ||
*Pyramid word (SLEEVELESS 1234) | *Pyramid word (SLEEVELESS 1234) | ||
*Most different letters in a word | *Most different letters in a word | ||
==Letter Fragments== | ==Letter Fragments== | ||
| Line 53: | Line 48: | ||
*Initial-final type collection (AreA, AdverB to ZizZ) | *Initial-final type collection (AreA, AdverB to ZizZ) | ||
*Cadence (EffErvEscEncEs) | *Cadence (EffErvEscEncEs) | ||
==Words in Words== | ==Words in Words== | ||
| Line 60: | Line 54: | ||
*[[Charade]] (CHART-REUSE); charade sentence | *[[Charade]] (CHART-REUSE); charade sentence | ||
*Alternade (TrIeNnIaLlY) | *Alternade (TrIeNnIaLlY) | ||
==Restricted Letter Choice== | ==Restricted Letter Choice== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 62: | ||
*Word dice | *Word dice | ||
*[[Letter bank]] | *[[Letter bank]] | ||
==Word Geometry== | ==Word Geometry== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 69: | ||
*King’s move and Queen’s move graph | *King’s move and Queen’s move graph | ||
*Word worm (3-d plots, with each letter a vector in an assigned direction) | *Word worm (3-d plots, with each letter a vector in an assigned direction) | ||
==[[Pangram]]== | ==[[Pangram]]== | ||
| Line 85: | Line 76: | ||
*Letters adjacent and in order (fiRST), not adjacent (ReST), neither (SToRe) | *Letters adjacent and in order (fiRST), not adjacent (ReST), neither (SToRe) | ||
*Complementary word A to Z, B to Y… (GLIB, TORY) | *Complementary word A to Z, B to Y… (GLIB, TORY) | ||
==Letter Scoring (A=1,B=2…Z=26)== | ==Letter Scoring (A=1,B=2…Z=26)== | ||
| Line 93: | Line 83: | ||
*Centrally balanced beam word (AXLE = 1x3 + 24x1 = 12x1 + 5x3) | *Centrally balanced beam word (AXLE = 1x3 + 24x1 = 12x1 + 5x3) | ||
*Casting out nines (WORN 23x15x18x14 = 86940 sums to 27, sums to 9) | *Casting out nines (WORN 23x15x18x14 = 86940 sums to 27, sums to 9) | ||
==Letter Insertions, Deletions, Substitutions== | ==Letter Insertions, Deletions, Substitutions== | ||
| Line 104: | Line 93: | ||
*Word string (WAS-ASH-SHE-HER-ERA…) and directed network | *Word string (WAS-ASH-SHE-HER-ERA…) and directed network | ||
*Insertion-deletion network | *Insertion-deletion network | ||
==[[Anagram|Transpositions]]== | ==[[Anagram|Transpositions]]== | ||
| Line 113: | Line 101: | ||
*Alphabetic transaddition (Area, Bare, raCe…) | *Alphabetic transaddition (Area, Bare, raCe…) | ||
*Substitute-letter transposition (THURSDAY-SATURDAY, SATURN-URANUS) | *Substitute-letter transposition (THURSDAY-SATURDAY, SATURN-URANUS) | ||
==Word Groups== | ==Word Groups== | ||
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*Each word pair a single crash (HATED,HORNY,FITLY,FAUNS,WIRED,WOULD) | *Each word pair a single crash (HATED,HORNY,FITLY,FAUNS,WIRED,WOULD) | ||
*Jotto word set (DZONG, CRWTH, JUMPS, FLAKY, VIBEX) | *Jotto word set (DZONG, CRWTH, JUMPS, FLAKY, VIBEX) | ||
==List Compression== | ==List Compression== | ||
| Line 128: | Line 114: | ||
*Letteral word (DK decay, CD seedy) | *Letteral word (DK decay, CD seedy) | ||
*Encoding several letters with same symbol (polyphonic cipher, telephone keypad) | *Encoding several letters with same symbol (polyphonic cipher, telephone keypad) | ||
==Number Names== | ==Number Names== | ||
| Line 135: | Line 120: | ||
*Self-descriptive sentence (this sentence contains five words) at word or letter level | *Self-descriptive sentence (this sentence contains five words) at word or letter level | ||
*Base 27 word | *Base 27 word | ||
*All words | *All words constructible by sets of number names (SIXTEEN+TEN-NINE = SEXTET) | ||
*Transposition and transaddition of number names | *Transposition and transaddition of number names | ||
*Smallest letter set containing n number names (EINNOTW = 1,2,9,10) | *Smallest letter set containing n number names (EINNOTW = 1,2,9,10) | ||
| Line 141: | Line 126: | ||
*Number name packing | *Number name packing | ||
*Which letters lead in cumulative cardinal list? | *Which letters lead in cumulative cardinal list? | ||
==Word Play in Special Word Sets (Examples)== | ==Word Play in Special Word Sets (Examples)== | ||
*Presidential name (TAFT: FAT; NO | *Presidential name (TAFT: FAT; NO "X" IN NIXON) | ||
*Other name of people (18 different letters in DEBORAH GLUPCZYNSKI) | *Other name of people (18 different letters in DEBORAH GLUPCZYNSKI) | ||
*State name (INDIANA transposes to ANIDIAN, MINNESOTA to NOMINATES) | *State name (INDIANA transposes to ANIDIAN, MINNESOTA to NOMINATES) | ||
*Other place name (first and last: AAT’S BAY, ZZYZX SPRINGS) | *Other place name (first and last: AAT’S BAY, ZZYZX SPRINGS) | ||
*Chemical element name (CoAgULaTe, FeY = IRONY) | *Chemical element name (CoAgULaTe, FeY = IRONY) | ||
==Textual Logology== | ==Textual Logology== | ||
| Line 159: | Line 142: | ||
*Text convergence (if word has n letters, count n words to next; repeat) | *Text convergence (if word has n letters, count n words to next; repeat) | ||
*Textual acrostic (Act 3 Scene 1 lines 156-61 Midsummer Night’s Dream: T,I,T,An,I,A) | *Textual acrostic (Act 3 Scene 1 lines 156-61 Midsummer Night’s Dream: T,I,T,An,I,A) | ||
==Sound Play== | ==Sound Play== | ||
| Line 167: | Line 149: | ||
*Spelling rule | *Spelling rule | ||
*Rhyme | *Rhyme | ||
==Literary technique== | ==Literary technique== | ||
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*Oddly formed sentences | *Oddly formed sentences | ||
*Telling character names | *Telling character names | ||
==Annotated bibliography== | |||
* A good survey of word play can be found in Dave Morice, ''The Dictionary of Wordplay'' (Teachers & Writers Collaborative, 2001). | |||
* A collection of literary word play can be found in C.C. Bombaugh’s ''Gleanings for the Curious from the Harvest Fields of Literature'' (1874, reprinted in 1961 by Dover Publications as ''Oddities and Curiosities of Words and Literature''). More recent examples of the genre are Willard Espy’s ''An Almanac of Words at Play'' (Clarkson Potter, 1975) and ''Another Almanac of Words at Play'' (Clarkson Potter, 1980); the best examples were reprinted in ''The Best of an Almanac of Words at Play'' (Merriam-Webster, 1999). Palindromes seem to hold a particular fascination for lovers of wordplay, and there are many collections; a recent attempt to cover the topic in depth is ''I Love Me, Vol I: S. Wordrow's Palindrome Encyclopedia,'' (Algonquin, 1996) ISBN 1565121090. | |||
* A classic is Dmitri Borgmann’s ''Language on Vacation'' (Scribner’s, 1965); in this book, he showed how word play can be an intellectual pursuit in its own right, codified as an organized corpus of knowledge. During the past 40 years logology (especially letter play) has been extensively developed in the quarterly journal [[Word Ways]] as well as a number of books in various languages: [[A. Ross Eckler, Jr.]]’s ''Making the Alphabet Dance'' (St. Martin’s, 1996), Hugo Brandt Corstius’s (Battus’s) ''Opperlans!'' (Querido, 2002) in Dutch, and Màrius Serra’s ''Verbalia'' (Atalaya, 2000) in Catalan. | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
A taxonomy of word play together with record-holding words in each category is | A taxonomy of word play together with record-holding words in each category is | ||
available here: [http://www.questrel.com/records.html Taxonomy of Wordplay] | available here: [http://www.questrel.com/records.html Taxonomy of Wordplay] | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 04:33, 17 November 2007
Word play is defined by Dave Morice as "the interplay of one or more elements of language that achieves a linguistic special effect beyond ordinary communication" or, in brief, verbal wit. Word play, like language itself, is complex—it can take many forms (puns, puzzles, games, jokes, poems). It has been practiced, either intentionally or unintentionally, by almost every author, but some of the most well-known practitioners include William Shakespeare, Lewis Carroll, James Joyce, James Thurber, Ogden Nash and Vladimir Nabokov.
Dmitri Borgmann in 1965 coined the term "logology" (meaning systematic recreational linguistics) and divided the field into three broad classes: letter play, sound play, and meaning play. During the past 40 years logology (especially letter play) has been extensively developed.
The topical classification of word play in this article can only hint at its complexity.
Properties of Words
- Letter and word frequencies
- How many words in English?
- Long words (English)
- What is a word?
- All words are interesting
Properties of Letters
- Vertical and horizontal symmetry (IVY MOUTH WAX, CHECKBOOK)
- Ascender and descender
- Headshot and footprint (identifying letters by tops and bottoms)
- Classification of letter shape (BAKESHOP)
Vowels and Consonants
- Vowel-rich, consonant-rich word
- Vowel-consonant patterns in word
- Vowel rotation (PAT-PET-PIT-POT-PUT)
- All 125 permutations of AEIOU in words (AbstEmIOUs to UncOntInEntAl)
- Univocalic (SENESCENCE)
- Characterizing words by their consonants (TRuNCaTe, TuRNCoaT)
Letter Patterns
- Classification of identical patterns (EXCESS, BAMBOO)
- Palindrome
- Tautonym
- Switch word (IN-TERPRET-IN-G)
- Agamemnon word
Letter Distributions
- Classification of identical distributions (INTONATION, OPPRESSORS 12223)
- Heterogram (DERMATOGLYPHICS), pair isogram (ARRAIGNING)
- Pyramid word (SLEEVELESS 1234)
- Most different letters in a word
Letter Fragments
- Multiple identical letters (MAHARAJAH, BUBBYBUSH)
- Type collections of bigrams and trigrams (bazAAr, cABin to fuZZ)
- Internal palindrome and tautonym (kNITTINg, eSCHSCHoltzia)
- Anchored fragment: all initial bigrams; Miami words (BEDauBED)
- Initial-final type collection (AreA, AdverB to ZizZ)
- Cadence (EffErvEscEncEs)
Words in Words
- Solid word (mechANOTHERapy)
- Kangaroo word (caLumnIES)
- Charade (CHART-REUSE); charade sentence
- Alternade (TrIeNnIaLlY)
Restricted Letter Choice
- Lipogram
- Typewriter word (from a given row, or by a given hand)
- Telephone keypad word
- Half-alphabet split (HAMAMELIDACEAE, NONSUPPORTS)
- Word dice
- Letter bank
Word Geometry
- Word graph (write down different letters, connect with lines)
- Eodermdrome (word graphs with essential line crossings, as METASOMATOSES)
- Letters on triangular or hexagonal pavement; letters on faces of regular solid
- King’s move and Queen’s move graph
- Word worm (3-d plots, with each letter a vector in an assigned direction)
Pangram
- Longest word in alphabetic subsets (J to O: KNOLL)
- Type collection of letter-rank orders (CAN,YOU,DIG,FOR,THE,NUB)
- Shiftword (COLD to FROG) and Shiftgram (shift plus transposition)
- Letters adjacent and in order (fiRST), not adjacent (ReST), neither (SToRe)
- Complementary word A to Z, B to Y… (GLIB, TORY)
Letter Scoring (A=1,B=2…Z=26)
- Word weight and density
- Sumword (ABAFT + ORDER = PEDAL)
- Sum and difference of adjacent letters (CAN to DO, VASE to URN)
- Centrally balanced beam word (AXLE = 1x3 + 24x1 = 12x1 + 5x3)
- Casting out nines (WORN 23x15x18x14 = 86940 sums to 27, sums to 9)
Letter Insertions, Deletions, Substitutions
- Beheadment, curtailment
- Word girder (TAPER MOVES to TOPER MAVIS)
- Word ladder and network
- Charitable word (SEAT: EAT,SAT,SET,SEA) and stingy words
- Hospitable word (RAP: TRAP,REAP,RAMP,RAPE) and hostile words
- Letter tree triangle (S/AE/GNL/AEKO = SAGA,SAGE,…SILK,SILO)
- Word string (WAS-ASH-SHE-HER-ERA…) and directed network
- Insertion-deletion network
Transpositions
- Long well-mixed transposition
- Letter set with many transpositions (AEGINRST)
- Transdeletion pyramid (RETAIL-ALTER-TALE-TEA-AT-A)
- Word root (all transdeletion pyramids) and branch (all transaddition pyramids)
- Alphabetic transaddition (Area, Bare, raCe…)
- Substitute-letter transposition (THURSDAY-SATURDAY, SATURN-URANUS)
Word Groups
- Word square
- Word packing (filling square or rectangular grids)
- Partial overlap word group (ADO-BAR-BED-BOY-DRY-ORE-YEA)
- Non-crashing group (YES,RYE,PRY,ASP,SPA,EAR)
- Each word pair a single crash (HATED,HORNY,FITLY,FAUNS,WIRED,WOULD)
- Jotto word set (DZONG, CRWTH, JUMPS, FLAKY, VIBEX)
List Compression
- Word interleaving (ONE,TWO,THREE to THRWONEE)
- Letteral word (DK decay, CD seedy)
- Encoding several letters with same symbol (polyphonic cipher, telephone keypad)
Number Names
- Self-referential name (FOUR has 4 letters, but score of ONE = 14+15+5, not 1)
- Self-referential name score using scrambled alphabets
- Self-descriptive sentence (this sentence contains five words) at word or letter level
- Base 27 word
- All words constructible by sets of number names (SIXTEEN+TEN-NINE = SEXTET)
- Transposition and transaddition of number names
- Smallest letter set containing n number names (EINNOTW = 1,2,9,10)
- Roman numbers in word (eXpLetIVe = 44)
- Number name packing
- Which letters lead in cumulative cardinal list?
Word Play in Special Word Sets (Examples)
- Presidential name (TAFT: FAT; NO "X" IN NIXON)
- Other name of people (18 different letters in DEBORAH GLUPCZYNSKI)
- State name (INDIANA transposes to ANIDIAN, MINNESOTA to NOMINATES)
- Other place name (first and last: AAT’S BAY, ZZYZX SPRINGS)
- Chemical element name (CoAgULaTe, FeY = IRONY)
Textual Logology
- Pangrammatic window (record: 56 consecutive letters in text contain A through Z)
- Pangrammatic highway sign set (shortest distance: 0.35 mi in Morristown NJ)
- Literary window for various word restrictions (univocalics, lipograms, n-letter words)
- Where is the middle of an index?
- How large an index contains words with every alphabetic starting letter?
- Text convergence (if word has n letters, count n words to next; repeat)
- Textual acrostic (Act 3 Scene 1 lines 156-61 Midsummer Night’s Dream: T,I,T,An,I,A)
Sound Play
- Syllabification: shortest with n syllables; add letters, subtract syllables (SH-RUGGED)
- Heteronym and homonym
- Spelling versus sound: many spellings for same sound, many pronunciations, same letter
- Spelling rule
- Rhyme
Literary technique
- Pun
- Constrained writing
- Spoonerism
- Oddly formed sentences
- Telling character names
Annotated bibliography
- A good survey of word play can be found in Dave Morice, The Dictionary of Wordplay (Teachers & Writers Collaborative, 2001).
- A collection of literary word play can be found in C.C. Bombaugh’s Gleanings for the Curious from the Harvest Fields of Literature (1874, reprinted in 1961 by Dover Publications as Oddities and Curiosities of Words and Literature). More recent examples of the genre are Willard Espy’s An Almanac of Words at Play (Clarkson Potter, 1975) and Another Almanac of Words at Play (Clarkson Potter, 1980); the best examples were reprinted in The Best of an Almanac of Words at Play (Merriam-Webster, 1999). Palindromes seem to hold a particular fascination for lovers of wordplay, and there are many collections; a recent attempt to cover the topic in depth is I Love Me, Vol I: S. Wordrow's Palindrome Encyclopedia, (Algonquin, 1996) ISBN 1565121090.
- A classic is Dmitri Borgmann’s Language on Vacation (Scribner’s, 1965); in this book, he showed how word play can be an intellectual pursuit in its own right, codified as an organized corpus of knowledge. During the past 40 years logology (especially letter play) has been extensively developed in the quarterly journal Word Ways as well as a number of books in various languages: A. Ross Eckler, Jr.’s Making the Alphabet Dance (St. Martin’s, 1996), Hugo Brandt Corstius’s (Battus’s) Opperlans! (Querido, 2002) in Dutch, and Màrius Serra’s Verbalia (Atalaya, 2000) in Catalan.
External links
A taxonomy of word play together with record-holding words in each category is available here: Taxonomy of Wordplay