Unemployment

Because of its traumatic effects on those who experience it, unemployment is a matter of widespread concern. Its causes and consequences have been topics of investigation and of controversy in economics, and in psychology and sociology. On some occasions its limitation has been made a policy objective, and on others it has been used as an instrument of policy. Its harm can be mitigated but there is no prospect of its elimination.

Terminology

Economics textbooks sometimes refer to four categories of unemployment:

• frictional unemployment, which happens to people who leave one job to search for another; * frictional unemployment, which happens to people who leave one job to search for another;
• structural unemployment, which happens to people whose skills are no longer needed because of changes in technology or industry structure;
• wage-rigidity-, or "classical", unemployment, which happens when wages are maintained at a level at which the demand for labour falls short of its supply; and
• demand-deficient-, or Keynesian", unemployment, which occurs in a recession when the demand for labour falls short of its supply for macroeconomic reasons.
  

The term "full employment" is usually taken to mean the absence of unemployment other than frictional and structural unemployment, although it would be wrong to suppose that neither could be reduced by employment policy.
The unemployment rate is the amount of unemployment expressed as a percentage of the labour force.
The term natural rate of unemployment is sometimes used to mean the what theb unemployment rate would be in the absence of frictional and structural unemployment but it is usually used as a shortened synonym for the non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment, or sometimes as the unemployment rate that exists in the absence of an output gap, or when the growth rate of the economy is in line with its long-term rate.

None of those categories of unemployment can be defined with any precision for statistical purposes, and the term unemployment can itself be defined for those purposes only by drawing some arbitrary distinctions between unemployment and other forms of under-utilisation of labour. International and national statistical definitions have been published, all of which leave some scope for subjective interpretation.

Sociological and medical aspects

Workers that lose their jobs have suffered losses of income, and it has been estimated that they have suffered psychological harm that was as much as three times as important to them. Fear of unemployment is also psychologically harmful, even to the extent of being an important predictor of psychological symptons. The loss of employment by family wage earners has been found to be particularly burdensome because it cuts deeply into their sense of obligation, their identity, and their status; and unemployment after marriage has been found to increase the incidence of divorce. . It has also been found that unemployed men are less healthy and have a higher mortality than employed men .