Orbit: Difference between revisions
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{{Image|731px-2018 planets-orbit.png|right|400px|The [[Planets|planets]] depicted orbiting around the [[Sun]]. One orbit of the Earth around the Sun lasts a year.}} | |||
An '''orbit''' is a (nearly) closed or repeating path | An '''orbit''' is a (nearly) closed or repeating path | ||
<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-orbit-58.html</ref> | <ref>https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-orbit-58.html</ref> | ||
traveled by one object around another due to the force of gravity. Orbits are approximately [[ellipse|elliptical]] in shape, and can be very nearly circular. (A circle is a special case of an ellipse, where the ellipse has an eccentricity of zero.) | traveled by one object around another due to the force of [[Gravity|gravity]]. Orbits are approximately [[ellipse|elliptical]] in shape, and can be very nearly circular. (A [[Circle_(mathematics)|circle]] is a special case of an ellipse, where the ellipse has an eccentricity of zero.) | ||
In reality, an object orbiting another object actually orbits the center-of-mass location of the two objects. Typically, one of the objects is very much more massive than the other, so that the center of mass location very nearly coincides with that of the larger object. Examples include planets orbiting a more massive sun, or satellites orbiting a planet. Additionally, the center of the larger object can also be considered to orbit about the center of mass, though this motion is often described as more of a wobble than an orbit. | In reality, an object orbiting another object actually orbits the center-of-mass location of the two objects. Typically, one of the objects is very much more massive than the other, so that the center of mass location very nearly coincides with that of the larger object. Examples include planets orbiting a more massive sun, or satellites orbiting a planet. Additionally, the center of the larger object can also be considered to orbit about the center of mass, though this motion is often described as more of a wobble than an orbit. | ||
A requirement for an orbit to exist is that the smaller object is located within the [[Hill sphere]] of the larger object. | |||
=== Shapes of orbits === | |||
Actual orbits deviate from true ellipses owing to a number of factors: | Actual orbits deviate from true ellipses owing to a number of factors: | ||
* Other objects exert gravitational forces in addition to the force of gravity that acts between the two objects. | * Other objects exert gravitational forces in addition to the force of gravity that acts between the two objects. | ||
* The elliptical orbit precesses due to general relativistic effects. | * The elliptical orbit precesses due to general relativistic effects. | ||
* The objects are non-spherical. | * The objects are non-spherical. Each object can be flattened somewhat due to its own rotation, or deformed due to tidal effects caused by the other object. | ||
* The atmosphere of the large central object exerts an additional drag force on the orbiting object. | |||
If the speed of the smaller-mass object equals or exceeds the escape speed, then it will follow a path that is approximately parabolic or hyperbolic, respectively, rather than orbiting the larger object. | If the speed of the smaller-mass object equals or exceeds the escape speed, then it will follow a path that is approximately parabolic or hyperbolic, respectively, rather than orbiting the larger object. | ||
If the speed of the smaller-mass object is too low, it can crash into the larger object before completing a full orbit. | If the speed of the smaller-mass object is too low, it can crash into the larger object before completing a full orbit. | ||
=== As a figure of speech === | |||
Aside from use in a strictly technical sense, ''orbit'' is a word used in multiple figures of speech, as in "She has been ''in orbit'' ever since she got the news" (meaning: pleased and excited); or as in "He was in the President's ''orbit''" (meaning: within the sphere of influence of the President).<ref><span class="newtab">[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orbit Mirran-Webster Dictionary Online: Orbit]</span>, last access 2/13/2021</ref> | |||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
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Latest revision as of 11:02, 29 September 2024
An orbit is a (nearly) closed or repeating path [1] traveled by one object around another due to the force of gravity. Orbits are approximately elliptical in shape, and can be very nearly circular. (A circle is a special case of an ellipse, where the ellipse has an eccentricity of zero.)
In reality, an object orbiting another object actually orbits the center-of-mass location of the two objects. Typically, one of the objects is very much more massive than the other, so that the center of mass location very nearly coincides with that of the larger object. Examples include planets orbiting a more massive sun, or satellites orbiting a planet. Additionally, the center of the larger object can also be considered to orbit about the center of mass, though this motion is often described as more of a wobble than an orbit.
A requirement for an orbit to exist is that the smaller object is located within the Hill sphere of the larger object.
Shapes of orbits
Actual orbits deviate from true ellipses owing to a number of factors:
- Other objects exert gravitational forces in addition to the force of gravity that acts between the two objects.
- The elliptical orbit precesses due to general relativistic effects.
- The objects are non-spherical. Each object can be flattened somewhat due to its own rotation, or deformed due to tidal effects caused by the other object.
- The atmosphere of the large central object exerts an additional drag force on the orbiting object.
If the speed of the smaller-mass object equals or exceeds the escape speed, then it will follow a path that is approximately parabolic or hyperbolic, respectively, rather than orbiting the larger object.
If the speed of the smaller-mass object is too low, it can crash into the larger object before completing a full orbit.
As a figure of speech
Aside from use in a strictly technical sense, orbit is a word used in multiple figures of speech, as in "She has been in orbit ever since she got the news" (meaning: pleased and excited); or as in "He was in the President's orbit" (meaning: within the sphere of influence of the President).[2]
References