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| '''Social class''' is the sociological term for the layering or ''stratification'' of society from high to low. | | '''Social class''' is the sociological term for the layering or ''stratification'' of society from high to low. |
| | ==History== |
| | See [[Social History, U.S.]] |
| ===Class models=== | | ===Class models=== |
| ===Class conflict: Marxist models=== | | ===Class conflict: Marxist models=== |
| ===Class and starta: Weberian models=== | | ===Class and strata: Weberian models=== |
| ===Social mobility: in one lifetime=== | | ===Social mobility: in one lifetime=== |
| ===Social mobility across generations=== | | ===Social mobility across generations=== |
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| ===Stratification in comparative perspective=== | | ===Stratification in comparative perspective=== |
| ===Class and political behavior=== | | ===Class and political behavior=== |
| | see [[Party Systems]] |
| ===Class and lifestyles=== | | ===Class and lifestyles=== |
| ====Upper classes==== | | ====Upper classes==== |
| ===Poverty=== | | ===Poverty=== |
| Brady (2003) reviews the shortcomings of the official U.S. measure of poverty. Iy was invented in the 1960s and based on the cost of food, which accounted for a third of the budget of poor people at that time, but much less today. Brady examines several theoretical and methodological advances in poverty measurement. He argues that ideal measures of poverty should: (1) measure comparative historical variation effectively; (2) be relative rather than absolute; (3) conceptualize poverty as social exclusion; (4) assess the impact of taxes, transfers, and state benefits; and (5) integrate the depth of poverty and the inequality among the poor. His article evaluates sociological studies published since 1990 for their consideration of these criteria. Brady advocates three alternative poverty indices: the interval measure, the ordinal measure, and the sum of ordinals measure. Finally, using the Luxembourg Income Study, he examines the empirical patterns with these three measures, across advanced capitalist democracies from 1967 to 1997. He provides estimates of these poverty indices. | | Brady (2003) reviews the shortcomings of the official U.S. measure of poverty. Iy was invented in the 1960s and based on the cost of food, which accounted for a third of the budget of poor people at that time, but much less today. Brady examines several theoretical and methodological advances in poverty measurement. He argues that ideal measures of poverty should: |
| | | # measure comparative historical variation effectively; |
| ==Bibliography==
| | # be relative rather than absolute; |
| * Louise Archer et al. ''Higher Education and Social Class: Issues of Exclusion and Inclusion'' , 2003
| | # conceptualize poverty as social exclusion; |
| * Leonard Beeghley. ''Structure of Social Stratification in the United States,'' (5th ed. 2007)
| | # assess the impact of taxes, transfers, and state benefits; and |
| * Daniel Bertaux and Paul Thompson; ''Pathways to Social Class: A Qualitative Approach to Social Mobility'', (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=48998503 online edition]
| | # integrate the depth of poverty and the inequality among the poor. |
| * Thomas N. Bisson; ''Cultures of Power: Lordship, Status, and Process in Twelfth-Century Europe'' 1995
| | His article evaluates sociological studies published since 1990 for their consideration of these criteria. Brady advocates three alternative poverty indices: the interval measure, the ordinal measure, and the sum of ordinals measure. Finally, using the Luxembourg Income Study, he examines the empirical patterns with these three measures, across advanced capitalist democracies from 1967 to 1997. He provides estimates of these poverty indices. |
| * Peter Blau and Otis D. Duncan, ''The American Occupational Structure'' (1967) classic study of structure and mobility
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| * Brady, David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" ''Social Forces'' 81#3 2003, pp. 715-751; in Project Muse. * Leonard Broom and F. Lancaster Jones, ''Opportunity and Attainment in Australia'' (1977)
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| * Lizabeth Cohen. ''Consumer's Republic'', (2003), Historical analysis of the expression through consumer goods of class in the United States.
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| * Gary Day, ''Class'' (2001)
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| * Eichar, Douglas M. ''Occupation and Class Consciousness in America'' Greenwood Press, 1989 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24419510 online edition]
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| * Rick Fantasia, Rhonda F. Levine, Scott G. McNall, eds. ''Bringing Class Back in: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives'' 1991 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/bringing-class-back-in-contemporary-and-historical-perspectives-by-rick-fantasia-rhonda-f-levine-scott-g-mcnall.jsp online edition]
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| * David L. Featherman and Robert M. Hauser, ''Opportunity and Change'' (1978). major sociology study of US; heavily statistical
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| * Paul Fussell ''Class: a painfully accurate guide through the American status system'', 1983.
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| * John Goldthorpe and Robert Erikson, ''The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Society'' (1992)
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| * David B Grusky. ed. ''Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective'' (2001) collection of scholarly articles
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| * David B Grusky. ''Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective: Class, Race, and Gender,'' (2007)
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| * Lawrence E. Hazelrigg and Joseph Lopreato; ''Class, Conflict, and Mobility: Theories and Studies of Class Structure'' 1972. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57163299 online edition]
| |
| * Helmut Kaeble, ''Social Mobility in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective'' (1985)
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| * Alan Kerckhoff, ed. ''Generating Social Stratification'' (2nd ed. 2005)
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| * Pat Mahony and Christine Zmroczek; ''Class Matters: 'Working-Class' Women's Perspectives on Social Class'', (1997) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109231990 online edition]
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| * John M. Merriman; ''Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe'', (1979) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=57048658 online edition]
| |
| * Susan A. Ostrander; ''Women of the Upper Class'', 1984 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23421823 online edition]
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| * Ramaswami Mahalingam; "Essentialism, Culture, and Power: Representations of Social Class" ''Journal of Social Issues,'' Vol. 59, 2003 pp 733+ on India
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| * Jeff Manza and Clem Brooks; ''Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions'' Oxford University Press, 1999 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=37108838 online edition]
| |
| * Jeff Manza; "Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal" ''Annual Review of Sociology'', 2000 pp 297+ [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95174043 online edition]
| |
| * Jeff Manza, Michael Hout, and Clem Brooks; "Class Voting in Capitalist Democracies since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or Trendless Fluctuation?" ''Annual Review of Sociology'', Vol. 21, 1995
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| * Michael Marmot. ''The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity'' 2004
| |
| * Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ''The Communist Manifesto'', (1848). (A famous statement of class conflict as the driver of historical change.)
| |
| * Brian P. Owensby; ''Intimate Ironies: Modernity and the Making of Middle-Class Lives in Brazil'' Stanford University, 1999
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| * Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Waters, ''The Death of Class'', (1996). rejection of the relevance of class for modern societies
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| * Geoff Payne. ''The Social Mobility of Women: Beyond Male Mobility Models'' (1990)
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| * Mike Savage. ''Class Analysis and Social Transformation'', 2000
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| * G. de Ste Croix, "Class in Marx's Conception of History, Ancient and Modern", ''New Left Review,'' no. 146, 1984, pp. 94-111
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| *Richard Sennett and Jonathan Cobb, ''The Hidden Injuries of Class'', (1972) (classic study of the subjective experience of class)
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| * Lewis H. Siegelbaum and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds. ''Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class, and Identity.'' 1994. Russia 1870 - 1940
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| * Pitrim Sorokin, ''Social and Cultural Mobility'' (1927) useful survey of European and American scholarship to mid-1920s [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=59119345 online edition]
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| * Daniel J. Walkowitz; ''Working with Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity'' 1999 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/working-with-class-social-workers-and-the-politics-of-middle-class-identity-by-daniel-j-walkowitz.jsp online edition]
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| * W. Lloyd Warner et al. ''Social Class in America: A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status'' 1949. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10605346 online edition]
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| * Max Weber, "Class, Status and Party", in Hans Gerth, and C. Wright Mills, ''From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology'', 1958. (Weber's key statement of the multiple nature of stratification.)
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| * Wouters; Cas. "The Integration of Social Classes." ''Journal of Social History''. 29#1 1995. pp 107+. on social manners [http://www.questia.com/read/5000354440 online edition]
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| * Erik Olin Wright ''The Debate on Classes'' (1990), neo-Marxist
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| * Erik Olin Wright ''Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis'' (Cambridge University Press, 1997) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/class-counts-student-edition-by-erik-olin-wright.jsp online edition]
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| * Erik Olin Wright ed. ''Approaches to Class Analysis'' (2005)scholarly articles
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| * Christine Zmroczek and Pat Mahony, eds. ''Women and Social Class: International Feminist Perspectives.'' 1999 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/women-and-social-class-international-feminist-perspectives-by-pat-mahony-christine-zmroczek.jsp online edition]
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| ==See Also==
| | [[Rural poverty]] |
| *[[ethnic group]]
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| *[[race]]
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| [[Category:Anthropology Workgroup]]
| | ==References== |
| [[Category:Sociology Workgroup]]
| | <references/>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] |
| [[Category:History Workgroup]]
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| [[Category:CZ Live]] | |
