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A mathematical term used to describe properties that have the same structure as the Schröder-Bernstein theorem of set theory.
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The [[Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle|Heisenberg uncertainty principle]] for a particle does not allow a state in which the particle is simultaneously at a definite location and has also a definite momentum. Instead the particle has a range of momentum and spread in location attributable to quantum fluctuations.


In contrast to most mathematical terms this only gives the general form, the pattern, of a statement instead of a definite and precise definition.
An uncertainty principle applies to most of quantum mechanical operators that do not commute (specifically, to every pair of operators whose commutator is a non-zero scalar operator).
 
A mathematical property is said to be a '''Schröder–Bernstein''' (or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein, or Cantor–Bernstein) '''property''' if it is formulated in the following form.
:If ''X'' is similar to a part of ''Y'' and also ''Y'' is similar to a part of ''X'' then ''X'' and ''Y'' are similar (to each other).
In order to be specific one should decide
* what kind of mathematical objects are ''X'' and ''Y'',
* what is meant by "a part",
* what is meant by "similar".
 
In the [[Schröder-Bernstein theorem|classical (Cantor-)Schröder–Bernstein theorem]],
* objects are [[Set (mathematics)|sets]] (maybe infinite),
* "a part" is interpreted as a [[subset]],
* "similar" is interpreted as [[Bijective function#Bijections and the concept of cardinality|equinumerous]].
 
Not all statements of this form are true. For example, assume that
* objects are [[triangle]]s,
* "a part" means a triangle inside the given triangle,
* "similar" is interpreted as usual in elementary geometry: triangles related by a dilation (in other words, "triangles with the same shape up to a scale factor", or equivalently "triangles with the same angles").
Then the statement fails badly: every triangle ''X'' evidently is similar to some triangle inside ''Y'', and the other way round; however, ''X'' and ''Y'' need no be similar.
 
A Schröder–Bernstein property is a joint property of
* a class of objects,
* a binary relation "be a part of",
* a binary relation "be similar".
Instead of the relation "be a part of" one may use a binary relation "be embeddable into" interpreted as "be similar to some part of". Then a Schröder–Bernstein property takes the following form.
:If ''X'' is embeddable into ''Y'' and ''Y'' is embeddable into ''X'' then ''X'' and ''Y'' are similar.
The same in the language of [[category theory]]:
:If objects ''X'', ''Y'' are such that ''X'' injects into ''Y'' (more formally, there exists a monomorphism from ''X'' to ''Y'') and also ''Y'' injects into ''X'' then ''X'' and ''Y'' are isomorphic (more formally, there exists an isomorphism from ''X'' to ''Y'').
 
A problem of deciding, whether a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations) holds or not, is called a Schröder–Bernstein problem. A theorem that states a Schröder–Bernstein property (for a given class and two relations), thus solving the Schröder–Bernstein problem in the affirmative, is called a Schröder–Bernstein theorem (for the given class and two relations), not to be confused with the classical (Cantor–)Schröder–Bernstein theorem mentioned above.
 
The Schröder–Bernstein theorem for [[measurable space]]s<ref>{{harvnb|Srivastava|1998}}, see Proposition 3.3.6 (on page 96), and the first paragraph of Section 3.3 (on page 94).</ref> states the Schröder–Bernstein property for the following case:
* objects are measurable spaces,
* "a part" is interpreted as a measurable subset treated as a measurable space,
* "similar" is interpreted as isomorphic.
It has a noncommutative counterpart, the Schröder–Bernstein theorem for operator algebras.
 
[[Banach space]]s violate the Schröder–Bernstein property;<ref name=Ca>{{harvnb|Casazza|1989}}</ref><ref name=Go>{{harvnb|Gowers|1996}}</ref> here
* objects are Banach spaces,
* "a part" is interpreted as a subspace<ref name="Ca" /> or a complemented subspace<ref name=Go />,
* "similar" is interpreted as linearly homeomorphic.
 
Many other Schröder–Bernstein problems related to various [[space (mathematics)|spaces]] and algebraic structures (groups, rings, fields etc) are discussed by informal groups of mathematicians (see the [[Schröder–Bernstein property/External Links|external links page]]).
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
 
{{Citation
| last = Srivastava
| first = S.M.
| title = A Course on Borel Sets
| year = 1998
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 0387984127
}}.
 
{{Citation
| last = Gowers
| first = W.T.
| year = 1996
| title = A solution to the Schroeder-Bernstein problem for Banach spaces
| journal = Bull. London Math. Soc.
| volume = 28
| pages = 297–304
| url = http://blms.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/3/297
}}.
 
{{Citation
| last = Casazza
| first = P.G.
| year = 1989
| title = The Schroeder-Bernstein property for Banach spaces
| journal = Contemp. Math.
| volume = 85
| pages = 61–78
| url = http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=983381
}}.

Latest revision as of 02:25, 22 November 2023


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The Heisenberg uncertainty principle for a particle does not allow a state in which the particle is simultaneously at a definite location and has also a definite momentum. Instead the particle has a range of momentum and spread in location attributable to quantum fluctuations.

An uncertainty principle applies to most of quantum mechanical operators that do not commute (specifically, to every pair of operators whose commutator is a non-zero scalar operator).

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