War: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Meg Taylor
(copyedit)
(restored an authentic early version to remove claptrap; then removed redlinks and empty sections pending a rethink on scope and structure)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{subpages}}
{{subpages}}
{{TOC|left}}
[[Image:Civilwar battle.gif|thumb|250px|A battle during the [[American Civil War]]. The [[American flag]] can be seen tattered in the background]]'''''War''''' is a state of violent conflict which exists between two or more independent groups, each seeking to impose its will on the other. This is facilitated by the use of military force, or the organized application of violence toward the destruction of the enemy's manpower and materiel, so as to disrupt their means of fighting and ultimately break their will to fight, thus leading to the cessation of hostilities. These conditions are generally defined as victory.
[[Image:Civilwar battle.gif|thumb|250px|A battle during the [[American Civil War]]. The [[American flag]] can be seen tattered in the background]]'''''War''''' is a state of violent conflict which exists between two or more independent groups, each seeking to impose its will on the other. This is facilitated by the use of military force, or the organized application of violence toward the destruction of the enemy's manpower and materiel, so as to disrupt their means of fighting and ultimately break their will to fight, thus leading to the cessation of hostilities. These conditions are generally defined as victory.
Victory, however, is an increasingly elusive concept. <ref name=Ikle>{{cite book
| author = [[Fred Ikle]]
| title = [[Every War Must End]]
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| year = 2005
}}</ref>
Until the mid-twentieth century, the prevailing definition of war was that of [[Carl von Clausewitz]], usually translated as the "extension of national politics by military means."  Especially among industrial states, it became obvious that military means alone were not sufficient to extend politics, and the idea of [[grand strategy]] evolved, including all the components of national power such as [[diplomacy (foreign policy)]], [[economic warfare]] and [[psychological warfare]]. The assumption still was that war was among [[nation-state]]s. 
Certainly going back to the [[American Revolution]], war could be by a people or group against a nation-state. In the basic revolutionary model, the idea was that the people would form their own nation-state. The concept of [[guerrilla warfare]] arose, where the weak could challenge the strong. Still, in the early doctrines, well articulated by [[Mao Zedong]],<ref name=MaoStrat>{{citation
| last = Mao | first = Tse-tung
| contribution=Problems of Strategy in China's Revolutionary War
| title = Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung
| publisher = Foreign Languages Press
| year = 1967
| url = http://www.marx2mao.com/Mao/PSRW36.html
| volume = I
| pages =179-254}}</ref> the weak would eventually form a conventional military and seek victory on the battlefield, such as the [[Battle of Yorktown]] in the American Revolution.  The Chinese revolution of 1949, however, did not end with a single decisive battle, although the Communists under Mao certainly had formed conventional armies.
==Causes of War==
==History of War==
===Ancient Warfare===
''For more information, see [[Ancient Warfare]].''
'''[[Paleolithic]]'''
'''[[Neolithic]]'''
'''[[Bronze Age Warfare|Bronze Age]]'''
'''[[Iron Age Warfare|Iron Age]]'''
===Western Warfare===
''For more information, see [[Western Warfare]].''
'''[[Roman Warfare]]'''
'''[[Medieval Warfare]]'''
'''[[Renaissance Warfare]]'''
'''[[Modern Warfare]]'''
*''Rise of the Nation State''
*''Colonial and Imperial War''
*''The Nation in Arms''
*''Total War''
*''"Low-Intensity" Conflicts ? War in the Nuclear Age''
*''War in the Post-Cold War Era''
===Eastern Warfare===


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}


*Clausewitz, Carl Von, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. ''On War'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1976 (rev.1984). ISBN 0691056579.
==Some suggested sources==
 
* Clausewitz, Carl Von, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. ''On War'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1976 (rev.1984). ISBN 0691056579.
*Freedman, Lawrence (ed.), ''War'', London:Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0192892541.
* Freedman, Lawrence (ed.), ''War'', London:Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0192892541.
 
* Holsti, Kalevi, ''War, the State, and the State of War'', Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 052157790X.
*Holsti, Kalevi, ''War, the State, and the State of War'', Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 052157790X.
* Keegan, John, ''A History of Warfare'', New York:Vintage, 1994. ISBN 0679730826.
 
* U.S. Marine Corps Staff, ''Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 1: Warfighting'', United States Department of Defense, 1989. ISBN 1557423091.
*Keegan, John, ''A History of Warfare'', New York:Vintage, 1994. ISBN 0679730826.
* Van Creveld, Martin, ''The Transformation of War'', New York:The Free Press, 1991. ISBN 0029331552.
 
* Waltz, Kenneth, ''Man, The State, and War. A Theoretical Analysis'', New York:Columbia University Press, 1959. ISBN 0231085648.
*U. S. Marine Corps Staff, ''Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 1: Warfighting'', United States Department of Defense, 1989. ISBN 1557423091.
* Wright, Quincy ''A Study of War''(abridged ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. ISBN 0226910016.
 
*Van Creveld, Martin, ''The Transformation of War'', New York:The Free Press, 1991. ISBN 0029331552.
 
*Waltz, Kenneth, ''Man, The State, and War. A Theoretical Analysis'', New York:Columbia University Press, 1959. ISBN 0231085648.
 
*Wright, Quincy ''A Study of War''(abridged ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. ISBN 0226910016.
 
==References==
{{reflist}}

Revision as of 02:16, 25 February 2024

This article is a stub and thus not approved.
 Main Article
 Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
 
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=War&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.
A battle during the American Civil War. The American flag can be seen tattered in the background

War is a state of violent conflict which exists between two or more independent groups, each seeking to impose its will on the other. This is facilitated by the use of military force, or the organized application of violence toward the destruction of the enemy's manpower and materiel, so as to disrupt their means of fighting and ultimately break their will to fight, thus leading to the cessation of hostilities. These conditions are generally defined as victory.

References

Some suggested sources

  • Clausewitz, Carl Von, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. On War, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1976 (rev.1984). ISBN 0691056579.
  • Freedman, Lawrence (ed.), War, London:Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0192892541.
  • Holsti, Kalevi, War, the State, and the State of War, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 052157790X.
  • Keegan, John, A History of Warfare, New York:Vintage, 1994. ISBN 0679730826.
  • U.S. Marine Corps Staff, Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 1: Warfighting, United States Department of Defense, 1989. ISBN 1557423091.
  • Van Creveld, Martin, The Transformation of War, New York:The Free Press, 1991. ISBN 0029331552.
  • Waltz, Kenneth, Man, The State, and War. A Theoretical Analysis, New York:Columbia University Press, 1959. ISBN 0231085648.
  • Wright, Quincy A Study of War(abridged ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. ISBN 0226910016.
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=War&oldid=922244"