User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox

A Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) study is a simple and structured methodology of a planned or existing process facility or operation in order to identify, evaluate and prioritize potential hazardous occurrences that might harm the facility personnel or equipment or prevent efficient operation. The HAZOP methodology is a safety analysis that uses and encourages imaginative thinking (or brainstorming) and was first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), a British chemical company. It is performed by a multi-disciplinary HAZOP team and entails the use of guide words to stimulate the brainstorming. For a planned, complex process plant (such as a petroleum refinery, natural gas processing plant or chemical plant), a HAZOP may require many weeks to perform.

Although the HAZOP methodology was originally developed to study chemical process facilities, it has been extended to other types of facilities and complex operations.

There are many other hazard evaluation (HE) techniques, some of which are simpler than a HAZOP and some are more complex. For example, the Checklist and What-If methodologies are simpler than a HAZOP, and the Failure Mode Evaluation and Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree methodologies are more complex. In the United States as well as some other nations, governmental regulations require some type of hazard evaluation be performed for certain, specified types of process facilities.

What a HAZOP is not

Risk Ranking Matrix

Severity	Liklihood
	Frequent	Probable	Occasional	Remote
Major	Unacceptable	Unacceptable	Unacceptable	High
Moderate	Unacceptable	High	High	Medium
Small	High	Medium	Low	Low
Insignificant	Medium	Low	Low	low
Frequent = Once or more per year Probable = Between once or more per year and once per 10 years Occasional = Between once per 10 years and once per 30 years Remote = less than once per 30 years

Definitions

Term	Definition
Hazard	A source, situation, event, circumstance or condition with the potential to cause harm, including ill health, injury or death, production losses, or damage to the environment.
Study nodes (or process sections)	Section of the process equipment with definite boundaries (for example, the piping from a process vessel to a pump) within which process parameters are investigated to determine the effect of deviations from the design intention and the potential of a hazard being created in that section.
Parameter	A physical or chemical property involved in a study node, including items such as temperature, pressure, pH, concentration, reaction or volume.
Deviation	Departures from the design intention that are discovered by systematically applying the pertinent guide words applicable for each study node.
Design intention	Definition of how the study node is expected to operate in the absence of deviations from the process design.
Guide words (or guidewords)	Simple words used to qualify the the design intention and to guide and stimulate the brainstorming process for identifying potential process hazards.
Safeguards (or protection systems)	Administrative controls (such as operating manuals and work procedures) or engineered systems designed to prevent deviations or to mitigate the consequences of deviations.

Example Matrix of Guide Words and Process Parameters

Guide word $\Rightarrow$ Parameter $\Downarrow$	More	Less	None	Reverse	Part of	As well as	Other than
Flow	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Temperature	x	x
Pressure	x	x	x	x
Level	x	x	x
Volume	x	x	x		x
Mixing	x	x	x
Composition							x
Reaction	x	x	x	x			x
pH	x	x

(PD) Diagram: Milton Beychok