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The '''pound''' or '''pound-mass''' (abbreviation: '''lb''', '''lbm''') is a measurement unit of [[mass]] | The '''pound''' or '''pound-mass''' (abbreviation: '''lb''', '''lbm''') is a measurement unit of [[mass]] | ||
used in the [[United States customary units|United States customary]], [[Imperial unit|Imperial]], and other systems of measurement. | used in the [[United States customary units|United States customary]], [[Imperial unit|Imperial]], and other systems of measurement. The word pound is derived from the Latin phrase ''libra pondo'' for 'a pound weight' which is also the origin of the abbreviation ''lb''. Many different definitions have been used, the most common today being the international avoirdupois pound of exactly 0.45359237 [[kilogram]]s. | ||
The word pound is derived from the Latin phrase ''libra pondo'' for 'a pound weight' which is also the origin of the abbreviation ''lb''. | |||
The common usage of the word ''pound'' to mean ''weight'' reflects the confusion between ''mass'' and ''weight'' resulting from the near uniformity of [[gravity]] on [[Earth]]. This accounts for the distinguishing terms ''pound-mass'' and ''pound-force''. The pound-force is the force of 0.45359237 kilogram subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>, or approximately 4.448 [[Newton]]s. | The common usage of the word ''pound'' to mean ''weight'' reflects the confusion between ''mass'' and ''weight'' resulting from the near uniformity of [[gravity]] on [[Earth]]. This accounts for the distinguishing terms ''pound-mass'' and ''pound-force''. The pound-force is the force of 0.45359237 kilogram subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s<sup>2</sup>, or approximately 4.448 [[Newton]]s. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The | The avoirdupois pound was defined by [[London]] merchants in 1303. By 1758, two standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Skinner|first=F.G.|journal=Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science|title=The English Yard and Pound Weight|year=1952|doi=10.1017/S0950563600000646|volume=1|pages=179}}</ref> | ||
In the United Kingdom, the avoirdupois pound was defined as a unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but having a different value (in relation to the kilogram) than it does now, of approximately {{val|0.453592338|u=kg}}, which would make the kilogram approximately equal to {{val|2.20462278|u=pounds}}. (This was a measured quantity, with the independently maintained artifact still serving as the official standard{{Fact|date=September 2009}} for this pound.) This old value is sometimes called the ''imperial pound'', and this definition and terminology are obsolete unless referring to the slightly-different 1878 definition. In 1883 it was determined that {{val|0.4535924277|u=kg}} was a better approximation. With the Weights and measures Act 1889 the United Kingdom legally defined the avoirdupois pound as the rounded value of {{val|0.45359243|u=kg}}.<ref name=nbs447>{{cite book | title=Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history | year=1976 | url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html | first=L.E. | last=Barbrow |coauthors=Judson, L.V.}}</ref> | In the United Kingdom, the avoirdupois pound was defined as a unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but having a different value (in relation to the kilogram) than it does now, of approximately {{val|0.453592338|u=kg}}, which would make the kilogram approximately equal to {{val|2.20462278|u=pounds}}. (This was a measured quantity, with the independently maintained artifact still serving as the official standard{{Fact|date=September 2009}} for this pound.) This old value is sometimes called the ''imperial pound'', and this definition and terminology are obsolete unless referring to the slightly-different 1878 definition. In 1883 it was determined that {{val|0.4535924277|u=kg}} was a better approximation. With the Weights and measures Act 1889 the United Kingdom legally defined the avoirdupois pound as the rounded value of {{val|0.45359243|u=kg}}.<ref name=nbs447>{{cite book | title=Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history | year=1976 | url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html | first=L.E. | last=Barbrow |coauthors=Judson, L.V.}}</ref> | ||
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The troy pound is no longer in general use. In Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other places the troy pound is no longer a legal unit for trade.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, the use of the troy pound was abolished on 6 January 1879. | The troy pound is no longer in general use. In Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other places the troy pound is no longer a legal unit for trade.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, the use of the troy pound was abolished on 6 January 1879. | ||
==References== | |||
Revision as of 17:22, 2 June 2010
The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation: lb, lbm) is a measurement unit of mass used in the United States customary, Imperial, and other systems of measurement. The word pound is derived from the Latin phrase libra pondo for 'a pound weight' which is also the origin of the abbreviation lb. Many different definitions have been used, the most common today being the international avoirdupois pound of exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.
The common usage of the word pound to mean weight reflects the confusion between mass and weight resulting from the near uniformity of gravity on Earth. This accounts for the distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force. The pound-force is the force of 0.45359237 kilogram subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m/s2, or approximately 4.448 Newtons.
History
The avoirdupois pound was defined by London merchants in 1303. By 1758, two standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.[1]
In the United Kingdom, the avoirdupois pound was defined as a unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but having a different value (in relation to the kilogram) than it does now, of approximately Template:Val, which would make the kilogram approximately equal to Template:Val. (This was a measured quantity, with the independently maintained artifact still serving as the official standardTemplate:Fact for this pound.) This old value is sometimes called the imperial pound, and this definition and terminology are obsolete unless referring to the slightly-different 1878 definition. In 1883 it was determined that Template:Val was a better approximation. With the Weights and measures Act 1889 the United Kingdom legally defined the avoirdupois pound as the rounded value of Template:Val.[2]
In the United States, the (avoirdupois) pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. In 1893, the relationship was specified to be Template:Val per kilogram. In 1894, the relationship was specified to be Template:Val per kilogram. This change followed a determination of the British pound.[2]
The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilogram.[8]
Troy pound
The troy pound takes its name from the French market town of Troyes in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the time of Charlemagne (early ninth century). The system of Troy weights was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers.
A troy pound is equal to 12 troy ounces and to 5,760 grains. Today, the grain is common to the avoirdupois and troy systems of units of mass making an international troy pound equal to 373.2417216 grams.
The troy pound is no longer in general use. In Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other places the troy pound is no longer a legal unit for trade.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, the use of the troy pound was abolished on 6 January 1879.
References
- ↑ Skinner, F.G. (1952). "The English Yard and Pound Weight". Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science 1: 179. DOI:10.1017/S0950563600000646. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barbrow, L.E.; Judson, L.V. (1976). Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history.