Supreme Court of the United States

(CC) Photo: D.B. King
The U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C.

The Supreme Court of the United States of America is the highest federal court in the United States. It consists of nine justices, including a Chief Justice and eight associate justices. Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Article Three of the U.S. Constitution defines the original and appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, which includes appeals of federal and state cases and trials of cases where a State or foreign ambassador is a party, although the Eleventh Amendment somewhat limits the jurisdiction of federal courts. There is no constitutional specification of how many justices make up the Court, and Congress increased the number as the nation grew.

History

Establishment

The Supreme Court is the only court that is provided for specifically in the Constitution, which, in Article III section 1, vests the United States government's judicial power in "one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."

In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress determined that the Supreme Court would consist of a chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court justices would meet in the national capital for two sessions each year and, when not in session, "ride circuit" to serve on intermediate appellate courts in the rest of the country.

The Current Court

(PD) Photo: Steve Petteway
The Current Court

The current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr., whom George W. Bush appointed in September 2005. Roberts is a Harvard-trained lawyer and former Associate Counsel to the President.

The current associate Justices include:

• John Paul Stevens, a Ford appointee in 1975, and the longest serving current member of the court, having served on the Burger Court and the Rehnquist Court. Stevens is also the second oldest Supreme Court Justice in the history of the United States.
• Antonin Scalia, a Reagan appointee in 1986, is a controversial jurist, the most prominent supporter of the concept of originalism and textualism, and Roman Catholic.
• Anthony Kennedy, a 1988 Reagan appointee, is a conservative and libertarian member of the Court, often serving as the swing vote on controversial decisions.
• David Souter, a 1990 George H. W. Bush appointee, has tended towards being more liberal since Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Following the election of President Barack Obama, Justice Souter has announced his retirement from the Supreme Court. Sonia Sotomayor will replace him on the court.
• Clarence Thomas, a 1991 George H. W. Bush appointee, is the second African-American to serve on the Supreme Court after Thurgood Marshall, and has a conservative judicial philosophy, adhering to originalism.
• Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a 1993 Clinton appointee, is the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court (the first being the recently retired Sandra Day O'Connor).
• Stephen Breyer, a 1994 Clinton appointee, and the leading liberal Justice on the court. He has indicated he will be retiring at the end of the 2008 session of the court.
• Samuel Alito, a 2006 George W. Bush appointee, a conservative Catholic, nominated after Bush failed to nominate Harriet Miers to the court.

Supreme Court Justices

Appointing Presidents	Chief Justices	Associate Justices
George Washington	John Jay (1789-1795) John Rutledge (1795-1795) Oliver Ellsworth (1796-1801)	John Rutledge (1789) William Cushing (1789) James Wilson (1789) John Blair (1789) James Iredell (1790) Thomas Johnson (1791) William Paterson (1793) Samuel Chase (1796)
John Adams	John Marshall (1801-1836)	Bushrod Washington (1798) Alfred Moore (1799)
Thomas Jefferson		William Johnson (1804) Brockholst Livingston (1806) Thomas Todd (1807)
James Madison		Gabriel Duvall (1811) Joseph Story (1811)
James Monroe		Smith Thompson (1823)
John Quincy Adams		Robert Trimble (1826)
Andrew Jackson	Roger Brooke Taney (1836-1864)	John McLean (1829) Henry Baldwin (1830) James M. Wayne (1835) Philip P. Barbour (1836)
Martin Van Buren		John Catron (1837) John McKinley (1837) Peter V. Daniel (1841)
John Tyler		Samuel Nelson (1845)
James K. Polk		Levi Woodbury (1845) Robert C. Grier (1846)
Millard Fillmore		Benjamin R. Curtis (1851)
Franklin Pierce		John A. Campbell (1853)
James Buchanan		Nathan Clifford (1858)
Abraham Lincoln	Salmon P. Chase (1864-1874)	Noah H. Swayne (1862) Samuel F. Miller (1862) David Davis (1862) Stephen J. Field (1863)
Ulysses S. Grant	Morrison R. Waite (1874-1888)	William Strong (1870) Joseph P. Bradley (1870) Ward Hunt (1872)
Rutherford B. Hayes		John Marshall Harlan (1877) William B. Woods (1880)
James A. Garfield		Stanley Matthews (1881)
Chester A. Arthur		Horace Gray (1881) Samuel Blatchford (1882)
Grover Cleveland (first term)	Melville W. Fuller (1888-1910)	Lucius Q.C. Lamar
Benjamin Harrison		David J. Brewer (1889) Henry B. Brown George Shiras, Jr. Howell Jackson
Grover Cleveland (second term)		Edward Douglass White (1894-1910; then Chief Justice) Rufuss W. Peckham (1895)
William McKinley		Joseph McKenna (1898)
Theodore Roosevelt		Oliver Wendell Holmes (1902) William R. Day (1903) William H. Moody (1906)
William Howard Taft	Edward Douglass White (1910-1921)	Horace H. Lurton (1909) Charles Evans Hughes (1910-1930; then Chief Justice) Willis Van Devanter (1910) Joseph R. Lamar (1910) Mahlon Pitney (1912)
Woodrow Wilson		James C. McReynolds (1914) Louis D. Brandeis (1916) John H. Clarke
Warren G. Harding	William Howard Taft (1921-1930)	George Sutherland (1922) Pierce Butler (1922) Edward T. Sanford (1923)
Calvin Coolidge		Harlan Fiske Stone (1925-1941; then Chief Justice)
Herbert Hoover	Charles Evan Hughes (1930-1941)	Owen J. Roberts (1930) Benjamin N. Cardozo
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Harlan Fiske Stone (1941-1946)	Hugo L. Black (1937) Stanley Forman Reed (1938) Felix Frankfurter (1939) William O. Douglas (1939) Frank Murphey (1940) James F. Byrnes (1941) Robert H. Jackson (1941) Wiley B. Rutledge (1943)
Harry S. Truman	Fred M. Vinson (1946-1953)	Harold H. Burton (1945) Thomas C. Clark (1949) Sherman Minton (1949)
Dwight D. Eisenhower	Earl Warren (1953-1969)	John Marshall Harlan (1955) William J. Brennan, Jr. (1956)
John F. Kennedy		Byron R. White (1962) Arthur J. Goldberg (1962)
Lyndon B. Johnson		Abe Fortas (1965) Thurgood Marshall (1967)
Richard M. Nixon	Warren E. Burger (1969-1986)	Harry A. Blackmun (1970) Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (1971) William H. Rehnquist (1971-1986; then Chief Justice)
Gerald R. Ford		John Paul Stevens (1975)
Ronald Reagan	William H. Rehnquist (1986-2005)	Sandra Day O'Connor (1981-2006) Antonin Scalia (1986-) Anthony M. Kennedy (1988-)
George H.W. Bush		David H. Souter (1990-2009) Clarence Thomas (1991)
Bill Clinton		Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993-) Stephen G. Breyer (1994-)
George W. Bush	John G. Roberts (2005-)	Samuel Alito (2006-)
Barack Obama		Sonia Sotomayor (2009-)