Photobacterium phosphoreum

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Photobacterium phosphoreum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Vibrionales Family: Vibrionaceae Genus: Photobacterium Species: P. phosphoreum
Binomial name
Photobacterium phosphoreum

Description and significance

Photobacterium phosphoreum is a luminescent bacterium. They are gram-negative, straight rod, plump and large. They can be motile or non-motile. It can grow at low temperature, 4˚C, but no at 35˚C. They emit the brightest light from all bacteria [1]. Their optimum temperature is 18-25˚C [2]. They emit a blue-green light due to the catalytic activity of luciferase. They are oxidase positive because they can use D-glucose as their principle carbon source (Willey, Sherwood and Woolverton 557). They can be cultivated in Long and Hammer Agar (1% NaCl). It is known as a symbiotic bacterium that lives in the light organ of some marine fishes. It can also live freely in seawater, saprophytically and parasitically [3].

Their major significance is their symbiotic relationship with some marine animals like fishes and squids. They have light organs that provide P. phosphoreum microorganisms with a safe place to inhabit and food; while these animals use the light that the bacteria provide for camouflage, communication and even for attracting mates or escape from predators Only opens in QC. Light emission can also aid to the propagation of the host. Another role that P. phosphoreum has is their ability of signaling the relative toxicity of a substance. This can happen due to the connection of the light producing process with the cellular metabolism. If the toxins disrupt the cellular metabolism, then the strength of the light produced decreases [4].

Genome structure

Photobacterium phosphoreum major lineage is Gammaproteobacteria. It contains a single circular chromosome. The genome size is about 4.0 Mb. It has a G+C content of genomic DNA of 41%. The number of genes are 4576. The coding percent is 84.0%. It can be isolated by using plating methods Microbial Genome Sequencing Project.

The 16S rRNA gene sequence (By Åke Hagström):

GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGATTGAACGCTGGCGGCAGGCCTAACACATGCAAGTCGAGCGGTAACAGATTGATAGCTTGCTATCAATGCTGACGAGCGGCGGACGGGTGAGTAATGCCTGGGAAT ATGCCCTGATGTGGGGGATAACTATTGGAAACGATAGCTAATACCGCATAATCTCTTCGGAGCAAAGAGGGGGACCTTCGGGCCTCTCGCGTCAGGATTAGCCCAGGTGGGATTAGCTTGTTGGT GGGGTAATGGCTCACCAAGGCGACGATCCCTAGCTGGTCTGAGAGGATGATCAGCCACACTGGAACTGAGACACGGTCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATATTGCACAATGGGGGA AACCCTGATGCAGCCATGCCGCGTGTATGAAGAAGGCCTTCGGGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGTTGTGAGGAAGGCAGTAAAGTTAATAGCTTTATTGTTTGACGTTAGCAACAGAAGAAGCACCGG CTAACTCCGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGGAGGGTGCGAGCGTTAATCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAAGCGCATGCAGGTGGTCTGTTAAGCAAGATGTGAAAGCCCGGGGCTCAACCTCGGAAC AGCATTTTGAACTGGCAGACTAGAGTACTGTAGAGGGGGGTAGAATTTCAGGTGTAGCGGTGAAATGCGTAGAGATCTGAAGGAATACCGGTGGCGAAGGCGGCCCCCTGGACAGATACTGACAC TCAGATGCGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGTCTACTTGGAGGTTGTGGCCTTGAGCCGTGGCTTTCGGAGCTAACGCGTTAAGTAGACCG CCTGGGGAGTACGGTCGCAAGATTAAAACTCAAATGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCTACTCTTGACATCCAGAGAAC TTTCCAGAGATGGATTGGTGCCTTCGGGAACTCTGAGACAGGTGCTGCATGGCTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTTGTGAAATGTTGGGTTAAGTCCCGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTATCCTTGTTTGCCAG CACATAATGGTGGGAACTCCAGGGAGACTGCCGGTGATAAACCGGAGGAAGGTGGGGACGACGTCAAGTCATCATGGCCCTTACGAGTAGGGCTACACACGTGCTACAATGGCGTATACAGAGGG CTGCCAACTAGCGATAGTGAGCGAATCCCAGAAAGTACGTCGTAGTCCGGATTGGAGTCTGCAACTCGACTCCATGAAGTCGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGTGAATCAGAATGTCACGGTGAATACGT TCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTGGGCTGCACCAGAAGTAGATAGCTTAACCTTCGGGAGGGCGTTTACCACGGTGTGGTTCATGACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGG TAACC

P. phosphoreum contains in its genome a lux gene that codes for the enzyme luciferase. It transforms chemical energy into light energy. Luciferase is a heterodimer with alpha and beta subunits. These two subunits are coded by luxA and luxB respectively.

Cell structure and metabolism

P. phosphoreum belongs to the phylum Proteobacteria. All bacteria that belong to that phylum are known to be Gram-negative. As gram-negative P. phosphoreum contain an outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide outside and inside phospholipids, a periplasma space, a thin peptidoglycan layer and finally the plasma membrane Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. They are straight rod with 0.8-1.3 um in diameter and 1.8-2.4 um in length. P. phosphoreum has 1-3 unsheathed polar flagella [5].

P. phosphoreum is a chemoorganotroph which is capable of respiratory and fermentative metabolism [6]. It is a facultative anaerobe that can grow in the absence of oxygen when appropriate electron-acceptors are present. It doesn’t denitrify; in other word, it cannot use nitrogen molecules [7].

P. phosphoreum can produce blue-green light with the help of an enzyme called luciferase. “Luciferase catalyzes the reaction and uses reduced flavin mononucleotide, molecular oxygen, and a long-chain aldehyde as substrate” (Willey, Sherwood and Woolverton 559).

Equation

FMNH₂ + O₂ + RCHO + luciferase → FMH + H₂ + RCOOH + light

When the excited flavin intermediate (FMN) moves to ground state, it emits the light which is one of the products of the reaction [8]. "The bioluminescence quantum yield has been estimated to be 10–30%" Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. If you have observed in the photosynthetic equation reaction, oxygen is not produce therefore P. phosphoreum is known to have an anoxygenic photosynthesis Encyclopedia of Life Sciences.

Ecology

P. phosphoreum is mostly considered a marine bacterium because sodium ions are required for its growth. It lives in the depth of the ocean, seawater, marine sediments, in the guts of marine animals, and on the surface of decomposing fish. When they are dispersed they produce a very weak light; however when they are very close to each other they produce light efficiently. P. phosphoreum acts as the light bulb in the in a dark environment like in the depth of the ocean Biology.

Cultivation and Isolation

They can be observed under the light microscope with the aid of some staining methods. The more preferable are the gram stain and the negative staining [9].

Application to Biotechnology

P. phosphoreum due to its bioluminescence ability is use in some biotechnology processes. The enzyme luciferase, found in P. phosphoreum, can be use together with NAD(P)H dehydrogenase to estimate the concentration of NAD(P)H Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. This enzyme can be also use for determining the pollution of water and toxicities. The lux gene, which codes for luciferase, can be integrated in the genome of another bacteria in order to trace visually the bacterial population development. “Because luminescence can occur over and over again and because a bacterium's cycle of luminescence is very short (i.e., a cell is essentially blinking on and off), luminescence allows a near instantaneous (i.e., "real time") monitoring of bacterial behavior” (Wilmoth and Lee p354) [10].

Current Research

Biogenic amine formation and bacterial contribution in fish, squid and shellfish

This study was done by Min-Ki Kim, Jae-Hyung Mah and Han-Joon Hwang. Their main concern was whether engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can become a possible risk to human health and the environment. To test the toxicity produce by nanoparticles, in this case a stable metal (Au), bactericide (Ag) and Fe3O4, Photobacterium phosphoreum, germination test and other anaerobic toxicity tests were used. P. phosphoreum can be isolated from fish, squid and shellfish. In all tests, the results showed low or zero toxicity. Furthers studies are still being perform Department of Food and Biotechnology.

Sentinels of the seas

This research is from a journal named New Scientist and the author is Andy Coghlan. It was discovered that Photobacterium phosphoreum HE-1a can sense water pollution. The glowing colony got dimmer when pollutants were present. Researchers have discovered that colonies of glowing bacteria get dimmer when they sense pollution. It responded to almost every pollutant; however, it couldn’t distinguish them. The researcher concluded that “HE-1a could be used as an early warning system” that would indicate the presence of pollution in water. We can keep an eye on waste container discarded in the ocean (Coghlan p. 21) [11].

References

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=659

http://www.microbiologyatlas.kvl.dk/biologi/english/showmorf.asp?articleid=44

http://www.disknet.com/indiana_biolab/b203.htm

http://www.biology.pl/bakterie_sw/index_en.html

http://cibt.bio.cornell.edu/programs/archive/0608alum/lumos.pdf

http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2005/P_phosphoreum.htm

http://www.microbelibrary.org/ASMOnly/Details.asp?ID=552

Willey, Joanne, Linda Sherwood and Christopher Woolverton. Prescott, Harley, and Klein's Microbiology. 7th ed. New York: New York, 2008.

http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0003064/current/html

http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780470015902/els/article/a0000465/current/html?hd=All,Photobacterium&hd=All,phosphoreum?hd=All,Photobacterium&hd=All,phosphoreum

http://www.moore.org/microgenome/detail.aspx?id=36

Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee. World of Microbiology and Immunology. Lerner. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2003.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4VM444H-3&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F01%2F2009&_alid=905411498&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5037&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1082&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3cc12bc569fdec81b5f1013a98dec333