Esperanto: Difference between revisions
imported>John Stephenson (Morphology is part of grammar; and if it were true that there were few syntactic rules, Esperanto would be incapable of expressing various concepts) |
imported>Stefan Olejniczak (→Grammar: put it this way then?) |
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Esperanto [[grammar]] | Esperanto [[grammar]] and [[Syntax (linguistics)|syntax]] are very regular, with little [[morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] variation. For example, every [[tense (linguistics)|tense]] only has one [[conjugation|conjugated]] form of the [[verb]] for all persons. There is also no [[grammatical gender]], which means that all [[noun]]s have the same [[article (grammar)|article]] (''la''). All nouns end in ''-o'' in the [[subject (grammar)|subject]] form and ''-on'' in the [[object (grammar)|object]] form, and similarly all [[adjective]]s in ''-a'' or ''-an''. Moreover, most [[antonym]]s of a word are formed just by adding the [[prefix]] ''mal-'' to the original word. So, for example, ''nova'' means "new", while ''malnova'' means ''old''. | ||
However, Esperanto grammar also includes features which are rare in [[Indo-European languages]]. An example of this is the explicit distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, i.e. verbs with or without a direct object. For example, while ''la domo brulas'' means 'the house burns', ''mi bruligas la domon'' means 'I burn the house', incorporating ''-ig-'' into the verb to redundantly indicate that the verb has an object. Similarly, since word order can also indicate the role a word or phrase plays in a sentence, the ''-n'' indicating the accusative [[case (grammar)|case]] is redundant. | However, Esperanto grammar also includes features which are rare in [[Indo-European languages]]. An example of this is the explicit distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, i.e. verbs with or without a direct object. For example, while ''la domo brulas'' means 'the house burns', ''mi bruligas la domon'' means 'I burn the house', incorporating ''-ig-'' into the verb to redundantly indicate that the verb has an object. Similarly, since word order can also indicate the role a word or phrase plays in a sentence, the ''-n'' indicating the accusative [[case (grammar)|case]] is redundant. | ||
Revision as of 15:11, 29 January 2011
Esperanto is a constructed (or 'artificial') language created by L.L. Zamenhof in the 1870s and 1880s. Zamenhof envisaged Esperanto as an artificial lingua franca that would facilitate easier global communication. Despite this, he chose to derive much of its vocabulary from Romance and other Indo-European language families such as Germanic and Slavic.
Ido is a constructed language which has been derived from Esperanto.
Grammar
Esperanto grammar and syntax are very regular, with little morphological variation. For example, every tense only has one conjugated form of the verb for all persons. There is also no grammatical gender, which means that all nouns have the same article (la). All nouns end in -o in the subject form and -on in the object form, and similarly all adjectives in -a or -an. Moreover, most antonyms of a word are formed just by adding the prefix mal- to the original word. So, for example, nova means "new", while malnova means old.
However, Esperanto grammar also includes features which are rare in Indo-European languages. An example of this is the explicit distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, i.e. verbs with or without a direct object. For example, while la domo brulas means 'the house burns', mi bruligas la domon means 'I burn the house', incorporating -ig- into the verb to redundantly indicate that the verb has an object. Similarly, since word order can also indicate the role a word or phrase plays in a sentence, the -n indicating the accusative case is redundant.
Use
Today, users of the language number at least in the tens of thousands, of whom a few are said to be native speakers. However, the dominance of several natural languages in the world, especially English, has meant that Esperanto is yet to emerge as a true global tongue.
For Esperanto speakers there are several international organizations, of which the Universal Esperanto Association is the most important. Moreover, there also exists literature and music in Esperanto, as well as Esperanto radio stations.