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The '''anti-nuclear movement''' is a [[social movement]] that opposes the use of various [[nuclear technology|nuclear technologies]]. Many [[direct action]] groups, [[Environmentalism|environmental]] groups, and [[professional]] organisations<ref name="nytimes.com">Fox Butterfield. [http://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/27/us/professional-groups-flocking-to-antinuclear-drive.html Professional Groups Flocking to Antinuclear Drive], ''The New York Times'', March 27, 1982.</ref><ref name="faculty.virginia.edu">William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani. [http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/mclaibourn/plap324/gamson_modigliani1989.pdf Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power], ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 95, No. 1, July 1989, p. 7.</ref> have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, and international level. Major [[anti-nuclear groups]] include [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], [[Friends of the Earth]], [[Greenpeace]], [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]], and the [[Nuclear Information and Resource Service]]. The initial objective of the movement was [[nuclear disarmament]]. Later the focus began to shift to other issues, mainly  opposition to the use of [[nuclear power]].  
The '''anti-nuclear movement''' is a [[social movement]] that opposes the use of various [[nuclear technology|nuclear technologies]]. Many [[direct action]] groups, [[Environmentalism|environmental]] groups, and [[professional]] organisations<ref name="nytimes.com">Fox Butterfield. [http://www.nytimes.com/1982/03/27/us/professional-groups-flocking-to-antinuclear-drive.html Professional Groups Flocking to Antinuclear Drive], ''The New York Times'', March 27, 1982.</ref><ref name="faculty.virginia.edu">William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani. [http://www.faculty.virginia.edu/mclaibourn/plap324/gamson_modigliani1989.pdf Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power], ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 95, No. 1, July 1989, p. 7.</ref> have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, and international level. Major [[anti-nuclear groups]] include [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], [[Friends of the Earth]], [[Greenpeace]], [[International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War]], and the [[Nuclear Information and Resource Service]]. The initial objective of the movement was [[nuclear disarmament]]. Later the focus began to shift to other issues, mainly  opposition to the use of [[nuclear power]].  


There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and [[protest]]s. A protest against nuclear power occurred in July 1977 in Bilbao, Spain, with up to 200,000 people in attendance. Following the [[Three Mile Island accident]] in 1979, an anti-nuclear protest  was held in New York City, involving 200,000 people. In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]] west of Hamburg; some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. The largest anti-nuclear protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in [[New York City]] against [[nuclear weapons]].  A 1983 nuclear weapons protest in [[West Berlin]] had about 600,000 participants. In May 1986, following the [[Chernobyl disaster]], an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.  
There have been many large [[Anti-nuclear protest|anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests]]. A protest against nuclear power occurred in July 1977 in Bilbao, Spain, with up to 200,000 people in attendance. Following the [[Three Mile Island accident]] in 1979, an anti-nuclear protest  was held in New York City, involving 200,000 people. In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]] west of Hamburg; some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. The largest anti-nuclear protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in [[New York City]] against [[nuclear weapons]].  A 1983 nuclear weapons protest in [[West Berlin]] had about 600,000 participants. In May 1986, following the [[Chernobyl disaster]], an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.  


For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. More recently, however, following [[public relations]] activities by the nuclear industry,<ref name="The Nuclear Charm Offensive">Jonathan Leake. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200505230004 The Nuclear Charm Offensive] ''New Statesman'', 23 May 2005.</ref><ref name="ucsusa.org">Union of Concerned Scientists. [http://www.ucsusa.org/news/media_alerts/nuclear-industry-spent-millions-to-sell-congress-on-new-reactors-0343.html Nuclear Industry Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars Over the Last Decade to Sell Public, Congress on New Reactors, New Investigation Finds] News Center, February 1, 2010.</ref><ref name="businessweek.com">[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EHS0580.htm Nuclear group spent $460,000 lobbying in 4Q] ''Business Week'', March 19, 2010.</ref> and concerns about [[climate change]], nuclear power issues have come back into [[energy policy]] discussions in some countries. There have been reports of a revival of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany<ref name="spiegel.de">[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html The Renaissance of the Anti-Nuclear Movement] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/10/2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html Anti-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/11/2008.</ref><ref name="news.theage.com.au">Simon Sturdee. [http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html Police break up German nuclear protest] ''The Age'', November 11, 2008.</ref> and protests in France during 2004 and 2007.<ref name="abc.net.au">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm Thousands march in Paris anti-nuclear protest] ''ABC News'', January 18, 2004.</ref><ref name=NEI>{{cite news  
For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. More recently, however, following [[public relations]] activities by the nuclear industry,<ref name="The Nuclear Charm Offensive">Jonathan Leake. [http://www.newstatesman.com/200505230004 The Nuclear Charm Offensive] ''New Statesman'', 23 May 2005.</ref><ref name="ucsusa.org">Union of Concerned Scientists. [http://www.ucsusa.org/news/media_alerts/nuclear-industry-spent-millions-to-sell-congress-on-new-reactors-0343.html Nuclear Industry Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars Over the Last Decade to Sell Public, Congress on New Reactors, New Investigation Finds] News Center, February 1, 2010.</ref><ref name="businessweek.com">[http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9EHS0580.htm Nuclear group spent $460,000 lobbying in 4Q] ''Business Week'', March 19, 2010.</ref> and concerns about [[climate change]], nuclear power issues have come back into [[energy policy]] discussions in some countries. There have been reports of a revival of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany<ref name="spiegel.de">[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html The Renaissance of the Anti-Nuclear Movement] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/10/2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html Anti-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/11/2008.</ref><ref name="news.theage.com.au">Simon Sturdee. [http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html Police break up German nuclear protest] ''The Age'', November 11, 2008.</ref> and protests in France during 2004 and 2007.<ref name="abc.net.au">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm Thousands march in Paris anti-nuclear protest] ''ABC News'', January 18, 2004.</ref><ref name=NEI>{{cite news  

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The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes the use of various nuclear technologies. Many direct action groups, environmental groups, and professional organisations[1][2] have identified themselves with the movement at the local, national, and international level. Major anti-nuclear groups include Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service. The initial objective of the movement was nuclear disarmament. Later the focus began to shift to other issues, mainly opposition to the use of nuclear power.

There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. A protest against nuclear power occurred in July 1977 in Bilbao, Spain, with up to 200,000 people in attendance. Following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, an anti-nuclear protest was held in New York City, involving 200,000 people. In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant west of Hamburg; some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. The largest anti-nuclear protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in New York City against nuclear weapons. A 1983 nuclear weapons protest in West Berlin had about 600,000 participants. In May 1986, following the Chernobyl disaster, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program.

For many years after the 1986 Chernobyl disaster nuclear power was off the policy agenda in most countries, and the anti-nuclear power movement seemed to have won its case. Some anti-nuclear groups disbanded. More recently, however, following public relations activities by the nuclear industry,[3][4][5] and concerns about climate change, nuclear power issues have come back into energy policy discussions in some countries. There have been reports of a revival of the anti-nuclear movement in Germany[6][7][8] and protests in France during 2004 and 2007.[9][10][11] In the United States, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals[12][13][14] and some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.[15][16] At the same time some environmentalists have adopted a more pro-nuclear stance.

References

  1. ↑ Fox Butterfield. Professional Groups Flocking to Antinuclear Drive, The New York Times, March 27, 1982.
  2. ↑ William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani. Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 95, No. 1, July 1989, p. 7.
  3. ↑ Jonathan Leake. The Nuclear Charm Offensive New Statesman, 23 May 2005.
  4. ↑ Union of Concerned Scientists. Nuclear Industry Spent Hundreds of Millions of Dollars Over the Last Decade to Sell Public, Congress on New Reactors, New Investigation Finds News Center, February 1, 2010.
  5. ↑ Nuclear group spent $460,000 lobbying in 4Q Business Week, March 19, 2010.
  6. ↑ The Renaissance of the Anti-Nuclear Movement Spiegel Online, 11/10/2008.
  7. ↑ Anti-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests Spiegel Online, 11/11/2008.
  8. ↑ Simon Sturdee. Police break up German nuclear protest The Age, November 11, 2008.
  9. ↑ Thousands march in Paris anti-nuclear protest ABC News, January 18, 2004.
  10. ↑ French protests over EPR, Nuclear Engineering International, 2007-04-03.
  11. ↑ France hit by anti-nuclear protests, Evening Echo, 2007-04-03.
  12. ↑ Protest against nuclear reactor Chicago Tribune, October 16, 2008.
  13. ↑ Southeast Climate Convergence occupies nuclear facility Indymedia UK, August 8, 2008.
  14. ↑ Anti-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy
  15. ↑ Maryann Spoto. Nuclear license renewal sparks protest Star-Ledger, June 02, 2009.
  16. ↑ Anti-nuclear protesters reach capitol Rutland Herald, January 14, 2010.
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