Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu v. United States was a controversial United States Supreme Court case, decided in 1944, that upheld Japanese internment during World War II. The case has been cited as an unprecedented example of racial prejudice and the erosion of individual liberties during wartime in the United States.

Background

An internment camp in California Template:Photo

When the United States entered the World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order, numbered 9066, that mandated the incarceration of Americans of Japanese descent into internment camps. The program was termed by the government as "relocation". The reason of the order was that FDR feared the Japanese-Americans would have questionable loyalty and might conduct espionage against the United States, despite that no evidence had suggested such espionage. In total, about 110,000 men, women, and chilfren were incarcerated by the "relocation" program.

Litigation

Fred Korematsu was a Japanese-American who refused to comply with the internment order and sued the United States government, arguing that the executive order violated due process and was racially motivated.

Decision

The Supreme Court decided in favor of the U.S. government and upheld the internment of Japanese-Americans. In a 6-3 decision, Justice Hugo Black wrote that the necessity to protect United States from espionage outweighed Korematsu's civil liberties, and said the internment was not racially motivated. Justice Felix Frankfurter authored a concurrence.

Three justices, Owen Roberts, Robert Jackson, and Frank Murphy each filed a separate dissent. Murphy's dissent was especially scathing, with the famous word that the majority decision "falls into the ugly abyss of racism".

Aftermath

Today, this decision is widely criticized and denounced as a classic example of wartime encroachment of civil liberties. The Congress passed Japanese American Evacuation Claims Act to provide compensation to Japanese properties damaged during the "relocation". In 1980 the Congress opened an investigation to the internment program and a report titled "Personal Justice Denied" was written. The report condemned the "relocation" and the Korematsu court decision. In 2001, the PBS broadcast a Eric Paul Fournier film Of Civil Wrongs and Rights in memory of the Japanese internment and the litigation of Korematsu. In 1998, Fred Korematsu was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. Korematsu died in 2005.

Tom Clark, the coordinator of the relocation program, was nominated to became a Supreme Court justice in 1949. He said he regretted his role in the Japanese internment and referred to it as one of his biggest mistakes. When Clark resigned from the Court in 1967, he was replaced by the first black Justice, Thurgood Marshall.

Sources

• Oyez.org
• Text of the case
• Department of State
• Presidential Medal of Freedom
• Biography of Tom Clark
• Of Civil Wrongs and Rights