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'''''A jumble of notes for an article on air and steam strippers''''' | |||
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'''Air stripping''' is the transferring of [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] components of a liquid into an air stream. It is a [[chemical engineering]] technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds. | '''Air stripping''' is the transferring of [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] components of a liquid into an air stream. It is a [[chemical engineering]] technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds. | ||
'''Stripping''' is a physical [[separation process]] where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column.<ref name=Seader>{{cite book|author=J.D. Seader and E.J. Henley|title=Separation Process Principles|edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2006|isbn=0-471-46480-5}}</ref> | |||
Volatile compounds have relatively high [[vapor pressure]] and low aqueous solubility characterized by the compound’s dimensionless [[Henry's law]] coefficient, which is the ratio of the concentration in air that is in equilibrium with its concentration in water. Pollutants with relatively high Henry’s Law coefficients can be economically stripped from water. These include [[BTEX]] compounds ([[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[ethylbenzene]], and [[xylene]] found in gasoline, and solvents including [[trichloroethylene]] and [[tetrachloroethylene]]. [[Ammonia]] can also be stripped from wastewaters. Since Henry’s law coefficient increases with temperature, stripping is easier at warmer temperatures. | Volatile compounds have relatively high [[vapor pressure]] and low aqueous solubility characterized by the compound’s dimensionless [[Henry's law]] coefficient, which is the ratio of the concentration in air that is in equilibrium with its concentration in water. Pollutants with relatively high Henry’s Law coefficients can be economically stripped from water. These include [[BTEX]] compounds ([[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[ethylbenzene]], and [[xylene]] found in gasoline, and solvents including [[trichloroethylene]] and [[tetrachloroethylene]]. [[Ammonia]] can also be stripped from wastewaters. Since Henry’s law coefficient increases with temperature, stripping is easier at warmer temperatures. | ||
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Since many of the compounds stripped are [[National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants|hazardous air pollutants]], the air exiting a stripper may require emissions control. [[Activated carbon #Applications|Carbon adsorption]] is often used and [[catalytic oxidation]] is another option. | Since many of the compounds stripped are [[National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants|hazardous air pollutants]], the air exiting a stripper may require emissions control. [[Activated carbon #Applications|Carbon adsorption]] is often used and [[catalytic oxidation]] is another option. | ||
== Equipment == | |||
[[Image:Bubble_Cap_Trays.PNG|thumb|right|An example of a bubble cap tray that could be found inside of a stripping column.]] | |||
Stripping is mainly conducted in trayed towers (plate columns) and packed columns, and less often in [[spray towers]], bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors.<ref name=Seader/> | |||
Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. The vapor phase enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of the top. Inside of the column are trays or plates. These trays force the liquid to flow back and forth horizontally while the vapor bubbles up through holes in the trays. The purpose of these trays is to increase the amount of contact area between the liquid and vapor phases. | |||
Packed columns are similar to trayed columns in that the liquid and vapor flows enter and exit in the same manner. The difference is that in packed towers there are no trays. Instead, packing is used to increase the contact area between the liquid and vapor phases. There are many different types of packing used and each one has advantages and disadvantages. | |||
== Variables == | |||
The variables and design considerations for strippers are many. Among them are the entering conditions, the degree of recovery of the solute needed, the choice of the stripping agent and its flow, the operating conditions, the number of stages, the heat effects, and the type and size of the equipment.<ref name=Seader/> | |||
The degree of recovery is often determined by environmental regulations, such as for [[volatile organic compound]]s like [[chloroform]]. | |||
Frequently, [[steam]], air, [[inert gas]]es, and [[hydrocarbon]] gases are used as stripping agents. This is based on [[solubility]], stability, degree of [[corrosive]]ness, and availability. As stripping agents are gases, operation at nearly the highest temperature and lowest pressure that will maintain the components and not vaporize the liquid feed stream is desired. This allows for the minimization of flow. As with all other variables, minimizing cost while achieving efficient separation is the ultimate goal.<ref name=Seader/> | |||
The size of the equipment, and particularly the height and diameter, is important in determining the possibility of flow channeling that would reduce the contact area between the liquid and vapor streams. If flow channeling is suspected to be occurring, a redistribution plate is often necessary to, as the name indicates, redistribute the liquid flow evenly to reestablish a higher contact area. | |||
As mentioned previously, strippers can be trayed or packed. Packed columns, and particularly when random packing is used, are usually favored for smaller columns with a diameter less than 2 feet and a packed height of not more than 20 feet. Packed columns can also be advantageous for [[corrosive]] fluids, high foaming fluids, when fluid velocity is high, and when particularly low pressure drop is desired. Trayed strippers are advantageous because of ease of design and scale up. [[Structured packing]] can be used similar to trays despite possibly being the same material as dumped (random) packing. Using structured packing is a common method to increase the capacity for separation or to replace damaged trays.<ref name=Seader/> | |||
Trayed strippers can have sieve, valve, or bubble cap trays while packed strippers can have either [[structured packing]] or random packing.<ref name=Seader/> Trays and packing are used to increase the contact area over which mass transfer can occur as mass transfer theory dictates. Packing can have varying material, surface area, flow area, and associated pressure drop. Older generation packing include ceramic [[Raschig rings]] and Berl saddles. More common packing materials are metal and plastic Pall rings, metal Michael Bialecki rings, and ceramic Intalox saddles. Each packing material of this newer generation improves the surface area, the flow area, and/or the associated pressure drop across the packing. Also important, is the ability of the packing material to not stack on top of itself. If such stacking occurs, it drastically reduces the surface area of the material. Lattice design work has been increasing of late that will further improve these characteristics.<ref name=Seader/> | |||
During operation, monitoring the [[pressure drop]] across the column can help to determine the performance of the stripper. A changed pressure drop over a significant range of time can be an indication that the packing may need to be replaced or cleaned. | |||
== Typical applications == | |||
[[Steam]] is also frequently used as a stripping agent for [[water treatment]]. [[Volatile organic compounds]] are partially soluble in water and because of environmental considerations and regulations, must be removed from [[groundwater]], [[surface water]], and [[wastewater]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=J.L. Bravo|year=1994|month=December|title=Design steam strippers for water treatment|journal=Chemical Engineering Progress|volume=90| issue=12|pages=56–63|issn=0360-7275}}</ref> These compounds can be present because of industrial, agricultural, and commercial activity. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
* {{cite book|author=Henry Z. Kister|title=[[Distillation Design]]|edition=1st Edition|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1992|id=ISBN 0-07-034909-6}} | * {{cite book|author=Henry Z. Kister|title=[[Distillation Design]]|edition=1st Edition|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1992|id=ISBN 0-07-034909-6}} | ||
Revision as of 22:12, 11 September 2010
A jumble of notes for an article on air and steam strippers
Air stripping is the transferring of volatile components of a liquid into an air stream. It is a chemical engineering technology used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds.
Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column.[1]
Volatile compounds have relatively high vapor pressure and low aqueous solubility characterized by the compound’s dimensionless Henry's law coefficient, which is the ratio of the concentration in air that is in equilibrium with its concentration in water. Pollutants with relatively high Henry’s Law coefficients can be economically stripped from water. These include BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene found in gasoline, and solvents including trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Ammonia can also be stripped from wastewaters. Since Henry’s law coefficient increases with temperature, stripping is easier at warmer temperatures.
Air strippers
Although any device that promotes contact between air and water strips some volatile compounds, air strippers are usually packed towers or tray towers operated with countercurrent flow of water and air. Packed towers, such as shown in Figure 1, usually use engineered or random plastic packings. Design criteria for packed towers include surface area provided by the packing, column height and diameter, and air to water flow rates.
Since many of the compounds stripped are hazardous air pollutants, the air exiting a stripper may require emissions control. Carbon adsorption is often used and catalytic oxidation is another option.
Equipment
Stripping is mainly conducted in trayed towers (plate columns) and packed columns, and less often in spray towers, bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors.[1]
Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. The vapor phase enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of the top. Inside of the column are trays or plates. These trays force the liquid to flow back and forth horizontally while the vapor bubbles up through holes in the trays. The purpose of these trays is to increase the amount of contact area between the liquid and vapor phases.
Packed columns are similar to trayed columns in that the liquid and vapor flows enter and exit in the same manner. The difference is that in packed towers there are no trays. Instead, packing is used to increase the contact area between the liquid and vapor phases. There are many different types of packing used and each one has advantages and disadvantages.
Variables
The variables and design considerations for strippers are many. Among them are the entering conditions, the degree of recovery of the solute needed, the choice of the stripping agent and its flow, the operating conditions, the number of stages, the heat effects, and the type and size of the equipment.[1]
The degree of recovery is often determined by environmental regulations, such as for volatile organic compounds like chloroform.
Frequently, steam, air, inert gases, and hydrocarbon gases are used as stripping agents. This is based on solubility, stability, degree of corrosiveness, and availability. As stripping agents are gases, operation at nearly the highest temperature and lowest pressure that will maintain the components and not vaporize the liquid feed stream is desired. This allows for the minimization of flow. As with all other variables, minimizing cost while achieving efficient separation is the ultimate goal.[1]
The size of the equipment, and particularly the height and diameter, is important in determining the possibility of flow channeling that would reduce the contact area between the liquid and vapor streams. If flow channeling is suspected to be occurring, a redistribution plate is often necessary to, as the name indicates, redistribute the liquid flow evenly to reestablish a higher contact area.
As mentioned previously, strippers can be trayed or packed. Packed columns, and particularly when random packing is used, are usually favored for smaller columns with a diameter less than 2 feet and a packed height of not more than 20 feet. Packed columns can also be advantageous for corrosive fluids, high foaming fluids, when fluid velocity is high, and when particularly low pressure drop is desired. Trayed strippers are advantageous because of ease of design and scale up. Structured packing can be used similar to trays despite possibly being the same material as dumped (random) packing. Using structured packing is a common method to increase the capacity for separation or to replace damaged trays.[1]
Trayed strippers can have sieve, valve, or bubble cap trays while packed strippers can have either structured packing or random packing.[1] Trays and packing are used to increase the contact area over which mass transfer can occur as mass transfer theory dictates. Packing can have varying material, surface area, flow area, and associated pressure drop. Older generation packing include ceramic Raschig rings and Berl saddles. More common packing materials are metal and plastic Pall rings, metal Michael Bialecki rings, and ceramic Intalox saddles. Each packing material of this newer generation improves the surface area, the flow area, and/or the associated pressure drop across the packing. Also important, is the ability of the packing material to not stack on top of itself. If such stacking occurs, it drastically reduces the surface area of the material. Lattice design work has been increasing of late that will further improve these characteristics.[1]
During operation, monitoring the pressure drop across the column can help to determine the performance of the stripper. A changed pressure drop over a significant range of time can be an indication that the packing may need to be replaced or cleaned.
Typical applications
Steam is also frequently used as a stripping agent for water treatment. Volatile organic compounds are partially soluble in water and because of environmental considerations and regulations, must be removed from groundwater, surface water, and wastewater.[2] These compounds can be present because of industrial, agricultural, and commercial activity.
References
- Henry Z. Kister (1992). Distillation Design, 1st Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034909-6.
- Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors) (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5.
External links:
- Air Stripping from a website page of the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
- Air Stripping of VOCs from Water
- Air Stripping, Design Guide 1110-1-3 from website page of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers