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The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation: lb, lbm) is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. A number of different definitions | The '''pound''' or '''pound-mass''' (abbreviation: '''lb''', '''lbm''') is a [[Units of measurement|unit]] of [[mass]] | ||
used in the [[Imperial unit|imperial]], [[United States customary units|United States customary]] and other [[systems of measurement]]. A number of different [[#Definitions|definitions]] have been used, the most common today being the [[#International pound|international avoirdupois pound]] of exactly {{val|0.45359237|u=[[kilogram]]s.}} | |||
The unit is descended from the Roman libra (hence the abbreviation lb); the name pound is a Germanic adaptation of the Latin phrase libra pondo 'a pound weight'.[ | The unit is descended from the [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Mass and coins|Roman ''libra'']] (hence the abbreviation ''lb''); the name ''pound'' is a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] adaptation of the Latin phrase ''libra pondo'' 'a pound weight'.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''s.v.'' 'pound'</ref> | ||
The pound is the force of 0.453 592 37 kg subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m s−2, or approximately 4.448 N | Usage of the unqualified term ''pound'' reflects the [[Mass#Weight_and_amount|historical conflation of mass and weight]] resulting from the near uniformity of gravity on Earth. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms ''pound-mass'' and ''pound-force''. The pound is the force of 0.453 592 37 kg subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m s−2, or approximately 4.448 N | ||
==History== | |||
The [[avoirdupois]] pound was invented by London merchants in 1303. Originally it was based on independent standards. During the reign of [[Henry VIII of England]], the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Since then, the [[Grain (measure)|grain]] has often been considered as a part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Skinner | first=F.G. | journal=Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science | title=The English Yard and Pound Weight | year=1952 | doi=10.1017/S0950563600000646 | volume=1 | pages=179 }}</ref> | |||
In the United | In the United Kingdom, the avoirdupois pound was defined as a unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but having a different value (in relation to the kilogram) than it does now, of approximately {{val|0.453592338|u=kg}}, which would make the kilogram approximately equal to {{val|2.20462278|u=pounds}}. (This was a measured quantity, with the independently maintained artifact still serving as the official standard{{Fact|date=September 2009}} for this pound.) This old value is sometimes called the ''imperial pound'', and this definition and terminology are obsolete unless referring to the slightly-different 1878 definition. In 1883 it was determined that {{val|0.4535924277|u=kg}} was a better approximation. With the Weights and measures Act 1889 the United Kingdom legally defined the avoirdupois pound as the rounded value of {{val|0.45359243|u=kg}}.<ref name=nbs447>{{cite book | title=Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history | year=1976 | url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html | first=L.E. | last=Barbrow |coauthors=Judson, L.V.}}</ref> | ||
In the United States, the (avoirdupois) pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the [[kilogram]] since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. In 1893, the relationship was specified to be {{val|2.20462|u=pounds}} per kilogram. In 1894, the relationship was specified to be {{val|2.20462234|u=pounds}} per kilogram. This change followed a determination of the British pound.<ref name=nbs447 /> | |||
The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilogram.[8] | The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilogram.[8] | ||
==Troy pound== | |||
The troy pound takes its name from the French market town of Troyes in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the time of Charlemagne (early ninth century). The system of Troy weights was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers. | The troy pound takes its name from the French market town of Troyes in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the time of Charlemagne (early ninth century). The system of Troy weights was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers. | ||
Revision as of 16:53, 2 June 2010
The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation: lb, lbm) is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement. A number of different definitions have been used, the most common today being the international avoirdupois pound of exactly Template:Val
The unit is descended from the Roman libra (hence the abbreviation lb); the name pound is a Germanic adaptation of the Latin phrase libra pondo 'a pound weight'.[1]
Usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight resulting from the near uniformity of gravity on Earth. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force. The pound is the force of 0.453 592 37 kg subject to a standard gravity of 9.80665 m s−2, or approximately 4.448 N
History
The avoirdupois pound was invented by London merchants in 1303. Originally it was based on independent standards. During the reign of Henry VIII of England, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains.Template:Fact Since then, the grain has often been considered as a part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains.[2]
In the United Kingdom, the avoirdupois pound was defined as a unit of mass by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, but having a different value (in relation to the kilogram) than it does now, of approximately Template:Val, which would make the kilogram approximately equal to Template:Val. (This was a measured quantity, with the independently maintained artifact still serving as the official standardTemplate:Fact for this pound.) This old value is sometimes called the imperial pound, and this definition and terminology are obsolete unless referring to the slightly-different 1878 definition. In 1883 it was determined that Template:Val was a better approximation. With the Weights and measures Act 1889 the United Kingdom legally defined the avoirdupois pound as the rounded value of Template:Val.[3]
In the United States, the (avoirdupois) pound as a unit of mass has been officially defined in terms of the kilogram since the Mendenhall Order of 1893. In 1893, the relationship was specified to be Template:Val per kilogram. In 1894, the relationship was specified to be Template:Val per kilogram. This change followed a determination of the British pound.[3]
The United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilogram.[8]
Troy pound
The troy pound takes its name from the French market town of Troyes in France where English merchants traded at least as early as the time of Charlemagne (early ninth century). The system of Troy weights was used in England by apothecaries and jewellers.
A troy pound is equal to 12 troy ounces and to 5,760 grains. Today, the grain is common to the avoirdupois and troy systems of units of mass making an international troy pound equal to 373.2417216 grams.
The troy pound is no longer in general use. In Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other places the troy pound is no longer a legal unit for trade.[citation needed] In the United Kingdom, the use of the troy pound was abolished on 6 January 1879.
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'pound'
- ↑ Skinner, F.G. (1952). "The English Yard and Pound Weight". Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science 1: 179. DOI:10.1017/S0950563600000646. Research Blogging.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Barbrow, L.E.; Judson, L.V. (1976). Weights and measures standards of the United States – A brief history.