Calcium: Difference between revisions

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===Drug toxicity===
===Drug toxicity===
Calcium may increase the rate of [[myocardial infarction]]s according to a [[meta-analysis]]<ref name="pmid20671013">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD et al.| title=Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c3691 | pmid=20671013 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c3691 | pmc=PMC2912459 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21079214 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 16;153(10):JC5-7]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21047843 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Dec;15(6):181] </ref> and a more recently analyzed [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid21505219">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR| title=Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 342 | issue=  | pages= d2040 | pmid=21505219 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d2040 | pmc=PMC3079822 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844536 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-3]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22028370 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Feb;17(1):16-7] </ref>
Calcium may increase the rate of [[myocardial infarction]]s according to a [[meta-analysis]] by Bolland <ref name="pmid20671013">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD et al.| title=Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c3691 | pmid=20671013 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c3691 | pmc=PMC2912459 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21079214 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 16;153(10):JC5-7]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21047843 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Dec;15(6):181] </ref>  


Another [[meta-analysis]] of 3 [[randomized controlled trial]]s with a total of approximately 300 patients reports an insignificant increase in mortality (pooled [[relative risk]], 1.14 [[[confidence interval|CI]], 0.92 to 1.41]).<ref name="pmid20194238">{{cite journal| author=Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD| title=Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 152 | issue= 5 | pages= 315-23 | pmid=20194238 | doi=10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20194238  }} </ref>
Regarding all cardiovascular events, Bolland reported in a [[meta-analysis]] of 6 [[randomized controlled trial]]s an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events(pooled [[relative risk]], 1.12 ([[confidence interval|CI]], 0.97 to 1.30])).<ref name="pmid20671013">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD et al.| title=Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c3691 | pmid=20671013 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c3691 | pmc=PMC2912459 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21079214 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 16;153(10):JC5-7]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21047843 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Dec;15(6):181] </ref> A [[meta-analysis]] by Wang of 3 [[randomized controlled trial]]s with a total of approximately 300 patients reports an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events (pooled [[relative risk]], 1.14 ([[confidence interval|CI]], 0.92 to 1.41])).<ref name="pmid20194238">{{cite journal| author=Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD| title=Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 152 | issue= 5 | pages= 315-23 | pmid=20194238 | doi=10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20194238  }} </ref>This increase was also found in a more recently analyzed [[randomized controlled trial]].<ref name="pmid21505219">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR|  title=Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of  cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative  limited access dataset and meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2011 | volume= 342 | issue=  | pages= d2040 | pmid=21505219 | doi=10.1136/bmj.d2040 | pmc=PMC3079822 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21844536 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-3]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22028370 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Feb;17(1):16-7] </ref>
 
Regarding mortality, Bolland reported in a [[meta-analysis]] of 6 [[randomized controlled trial]]s an insignificant increase in mortality (pooled [[relative risk]], 1.07 ([[confidence interval|CI]], 0.95 to 1.19])).<ref name="pmid20671013">{{cite journal| author=Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD et al.| title=Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2010 | volume= 341 | issue=  | pages= c3691 | pmid=20671013 | doi=10.1136/bmj.c3691 | pmc=PMC2912459 | url= }}  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21079214 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 16;153(10):JC5-7]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21047843 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Dec;15(6):181] </ref>


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>

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Calcium
40.078(4)



  Ca
20
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 2,4,s
[ ? ] Alkaline Earth Metal:
Properties:
Silvery-white, hard metal.
Compounds:
oxide, carbonate, nitrate, sulfide, chloride, and others
Hazard:
Reacts violently with water and acids to release explosive hydrogen,


Calcium is a chemical element, having the chemical symbol Ca. Its atomic number (the number of protons) is 20. It has a standard atomic weight of 40.078 g•mol −1, and is a solid in its elemental form.

Calcium is considered to be a member of the "alkaline earth metal" class of element. At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, it has a boiling point of 1,484 °C, and a melting point of 842 °C.

Calcium is essential for life, particularly in cell physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca2+ into and out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular processes, including neuromuscular contractions. It is also a major material used in mineralization of bones, teeth and shells.

Drug toxicity

Calcium may increase the rate of myocardial infarctions according to a meta-analysis by Bolland [1]

Regarding all cardiovascular events, Bolland reported in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events(pooled relative risk, 1.12 (CI, 0.97 to 1.30])).[1] A meta-analysis by Wang of 3 randomized controlled trials with a total of approximately 300 patients reports an insignificant increase in cardiovascular events (pooled relative risk, 1.14 (CI, 0.92 to 1.41])).[2]This increase was also found in a more recently analyzed randomized controlled trial.[3]

Regarding mortality, Bolland reported in a meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials an insignificant increase in mortality (pooled relative risk, 1.07 (CI, 0.95 to 1.19])).[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD et al. (2010). "Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis.". BMJ 341: c3691. DOI:10.1136/bmj.c3691. PMID 20671013. PMC PMC2912459. Research Blogging. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 16;153(10):JC5-7 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2010 Dec;15(6):181
  2. ↑ Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD (2010). "Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events.". Ann Intern Med 152 (5): 315-23. DOI:10.1059/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00010. PMID 20194238. Research Blogging.
  3. ↑ Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (2011). "Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis.". BMJ 342: d2040. DOI:10.1136/bmj.d2040. PMID 21505219. PMC PMC3079822. Research Blogging. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Aug 16;155(4):JC2-3 Review in: Evid Based Med. 2012 Feb;17(1):16-7
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