Presence: Difference between revisions

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== Background ==
== Background ==
This album was conceived after singer [[Robert Plant]] sustained serious injuries from a [[car accident]] on the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Rhodes]] on 5 August 1975, which forced the band to cancel a proposed world tour which was due to commence on 23 August 1975.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> At this point, Led Zeppelin were arguably at the height of their popularity.  Plant recalled:
This album was conceived after singer [[Robert Plant]] sustained serious injuries from a [[car accident]] on the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Rhodes]] on 5 August 1975, which forced the band to cancel a proposed world tour which was due to commence on 23 August 1975.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> At this point, Led Zeppelin were arguably at the height of their popularity.  Plant recalled: {{Quote|I was lying there in some pain trying to get cockroaches off the bed and the guy next to me, this drunken soldier, started singing '[[The Ocean (Led Zeppelin song)|The Ocean]]' from ''[[Houses of the Holy]]''.<ref>''Light & Shade'' Cameron Crowe, Led Zeppelin Boxed Set liner notes</ref>}}
 
<blockquote>I was lying there in some pain trying to get cockroaches off the bed and the guy next to me, this drunken soldier, started singing "[[The Ocean (Led Zeppelin song)|The Ocean]]" from ''[[Houses of the Holy]]''.<ref>''Light & Shade'' Cameron Crowe, Led Zeppelin Boxed Set liner notes</ref></blockquote>


During a convalescent period on the Channel Island of [[Jersey]] and in [[Malibu, California]], Plant wrote some lyrics, and when guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] joined him at Malibu, these compositions were fleshed out. The two prepared enough material for rehearsals to begin at [[Hollywood]]'s SIR Studio, where drummer [[John Bonham]] and bass player [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] joined them.  
During a convalescent period on the Channel Island of [[Jersey]] and in [[Malibu, California]], Plant wrote some lyrics, and when guitarist [[Jimmy Page]] joined him at Malibu, these compositions were fleshed out. The two prepared enough material for rehearsals to begin at [[Hollywood]]'s SIR Studio, where drummer [[John Bonham]] and bass player [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] joined them.  


After a month of rehearsals, the album was recorded in just eighteen days<ref name=crowe>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Song Remains the Same (album)|The The Song Remains the Same]]'', reissued version, 2007.</ref> at [[Musicland Studios]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], with Plant in a [[wheelchair]]. This was the fastest recording turnaround time achieved by the band since their [[Led Zeppelin (album)|début album]].<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> The rushed recording sessions were in part a result of Led Zeppelin having booked the  studio immediately prior to [[The Rolling Stones]], who were shortly to record songs for their album ''[[Black and Blue]]''. Upon their arrival, the Rolling Stones were amazed that Led Zeppelin's album had indeed been completed (both recorded and mixed) in a mere seventeen days. Jimmy Page had simply stayed awake for two days straight to perform all of the guitar overdubs.
After a month of rehearsals, the album was recorded in just eighteen days<ref>Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Song Remains the Same (album)|The The Song Remains the Same]]'', reissued version, 2007.</ref> at [[Musicland Studios]] in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], with Plant in a [[wheelchair]]. This was the fastest recording turnaround time achieved by the band since their [[Led Zeppelin (album)|début album]].<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> The rushed recording sessions were in part a result of Led Zeppelin having booked the  studio immediately prior to [[The Rolling Stones]], who were shortly to record songs for their album ''[[Black and Blue]]''. Upon their arrival, the Rolling Stones were amazed that Led Zeppelin's album had indeed been completed (both recorded and mixed) in a mere seventeen days. Jimmy Page had simply stayed awake for two days straight to perform all of the guitar overdubs.
 
In an interview he gave to ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine in 1998, Page stated that he worked an average of 18 to 20 hours a day during the mixing period at Musicland Studios:
 
<blockquote>[A]fter the band finished recording all its parts, me and the [[audio engineer|engineer]], [[Keith Harwood]], just started mixing until we would fall asleep. Then whoever would wake up first would call the other and we'd go back in and continue to work until we passed out again.<ref>Brad Tolinski and Greg Di Bendetto, "Light and Shade", ''Guitar World'', January 1998.</ref></blockquote>


The recording sessions for ''Presence'' were also particularly challenging for Plant. The studio was in a basement of an old hotel, and the singer felt claustrophobic.<ref>Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.</ref> He also experienced physical difficulties as a result of his car accident, and missed his family. He explained:
In an interview he gave to ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine in 1998, Page stated that he worked an average of 18 to 20 hours a day during the mixing period at Musicland Studios: {{Quote|[A]fter the band finished recording all its parts, me and the [[audio engineer|engineer]], [[Keith Harwood]], just started mixing until we would fall asleep. Then whoever would wake up first would call the other and we'd go back in and continue to work until we passed out again.<ref>Tolinski, Brad and Di Bendetto, Greg. 'Light and Shade', ''Guitar World'', January 1998.</ref>}}


<blockquote>I spent the whole process in a wheelchair, so physically I was really frustrated. I think my vocal performance on it is pretty poor. It sounds tired and strained. The saving grace of the album was "[[Candy Store Rock]]" and "[[Achilles Last Stand]]". The rhythm section on that it was so inspired ... I was furious with Page and [band manager] [[Peter Grant]]. I was just furious that I couldn't get back to the woman and the children that I loved. And I was thinking, is all this rock'n'roll worth anything at all?<ref>Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.</ref> </blockquote>
The recording sessions for ''Presence'' were also particularly challenging for Plant. The studio was in a basement of an old hotel, and the singer felt claustrophobic.<ref>Welch, Chris (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.</ref> He also experienced physical difficulties as a result of his car accident, and missed his family. He explained: {{Quote|I spent the whole process in a wheelchair, so physically I was really frustrated. I think my vocal performance on it is pretty poor. It sounds tired and strained. The saving grace of the album was '[[Candy Store Rock]]' and '[[Achilles Last Stand]]'. The rhythm section on that it was so inspired ... I was furious with Page and [band manager] [[Peter Grant]]. I was just furious that I couldn't get back to the woman and the children that I loved. And I was thinking, is all this rock'n'roll worth anything at all?<ref>Welch, Chris (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.</ref>}}


The album was completed on 27 November 1975. This was the day before [[Thanksgiving]], and in a telephone call to [[Swan Song Records]], Page suggested the album be named ''Thanksgiving''.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> This idea was quickly dropped, in favour of a title which it was thought would represent the powerful force and presence that the band members felt surrounded the group.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>
The album was completed on 27 November 1975. This was the day before [[Thanksgiving]], and in a telephone call to [[Swan Song Records]], Page suggested the album be named ''Thanksgiving''.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> This idea was quickly dropped, in favour of a title which it was thought would represent the powerful force and presence that the band members felt surrounded the group.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>


== Composition ==
== Composition ==
Most of the album consists solely of Page and Plant compositions. This can be explained by the fact that the majority of the songs were formulated at Malibu, where Page (but not Bonham and Jones) had initially joined a recuperating Plant.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> With Plant at less than full fitness, Page took responsibility for the album's completion, and his playing and production dominate the album's tracks.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>
Most of the album consists solely of Page and Plant compositions. This can be explained by the fact that the majority of the songs were formulated at Malibu, where Page (but not Bonham and Jones) had initially joined a recuperating Plant.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> With Plant at less than full fitness, Page took responsibility for the album's completion, and his playing and production dominate the album's tracks.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>
 
Both Page and Plant had planned this album's recording session as a return to hard rock, much like their debut album, except at a new level of complexity. It marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams. Whereas their previous albums contain electric hard rock anthems balanced with acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements, ''Presence'' was seen to include more simplified riffs, and is Led Zeppelin's only studio album that features neither acoustic tracks nor keyboards (almost buried in the mix, a lone acoustic guitar can be heard on "[[Candy Store Rock]]").
 
The changed stylistic emphasis on this album was a direct result of the troubled circumstances experienced by the band around the time of its recording. As Page said at the time:


<blockquote>I think it was just a reflection of the total anxiety and emotion of that period. There's a hell of a lot of spontaneity about that album. We went in with virtually nothing and everything just came pouring out.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref></blockquote>
Both Page and Plant had planned this album's recording session as a return to hard rock, much like their debut album, except at a new level of complexity. It marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams. Whereas their previous albums contain electric hard rock anthems balanced with acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements, ''Presence'' was seen to include more simplified riffs, and is Led Zeppelin's only studio album that features neither acoustic tracks nor keyboards (almost buried in the mix, a lone acoustic guitar can be heard on '[[Candy Store Rock]]').


Plant expressed similar views, stating:
The changed stylistic emphasis on this album was a direct result of the troubled circumstances experienced by the band around the time of its recording. As Page said at the time: {{Quote|I think it was just a reflection of the total anxiety and emotion of that period. There's a hell of a lot of spontaneity about that album. We went in with virtually nothing and everything just came pouring out.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>}}


<blockquote>It was really like a cry of survival. There won't be another album like it, put it like that. It was a cry from the depths, the only thing that we could do.<ref name=RS2006>{{cite journal |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |title=The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin |journal=Rolling Stone  |issue=1006 |date=10 August 2006 |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print |accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref></blockquote>
Plant expressed similar views, stating: {{Quote|It was really like a cry of survival. There won't be another album like it, put it like that. It was a cry from the depths, the only thing that we could do.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilmore |first=Mikal |title=The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin |journal=Rolling Stone  |issue=1006 |date=10 August 2006 |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print |accessdate=2007-12-09 }}</ref>}}


In contrast to earlier albums which contained several tracks that the band chose to play live at [[Led Zeppelin concerts]], only two tracks from ''Presence'' were played in full on stage while the band was active. "[[Achilles Last Stand]]" and "[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]" were added to the setlist for the [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|1977 tour of the United States]] and stayed through the band's final [[Tour Over Europe 1980|concerts in 1980]]. Some of the guitar solo from "[[Tea for One]]" was also incorporated into "[[Since I've Been Loving You]]" in these shows, but the actual song was never performed live until the [[Page and Plant]] tour of [[Japan]] in 1996, where it received three airings backed by an [[orchestra]]. "[[For Your Life]]" was played in full by Led Zeppelin for the first time at the [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert]] on 10 December 2007.  
In contrast to earlier albums which contained several tracks that the band chose to play live at [[Led Zeppelin concerts]], only two tracks from ''Presence'' were played in full on stage while the band was active. '[[Achilles Last Stand]]' and '[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]' were added to the setlist for the [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|1977 tour of the United States]] and stayed through the band's final [[Tour Over Europe 1980|concerts in 1980]]. Some of the guitar solo from '[[Tea for One]]' was also incorporated into '[[Since I've Been Loving You]]' in these shows, but the actual song was never performed live until the [[Page and Plant]] tour of [[Japan]] in 1996, where it received three airings backed by an [[orchestra]]. '[[For Your Life]]' was played in full by Led Zeppelin for the first time at the [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert]] on 10 December 2007.  


The lack of live interpretations of the ''Presence'' material is perhaps understandable given that it would be a full year before they would return to the road.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>
The lack of live interpretations of the ''Presence'' material is perhaps understandable given that it would be a full year before they would return to the road.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>


== Album sleeve design ==
== Album sleeve design ==
The cover and inside sleeve of this album, created by [[Hipgnosis]], features various images of people interacting with a black [[obelisk]]-shaped object.  Inside the album sleeve, the item is referred to simply as "The Object". It was intended to represent the "force and presence" of Led Zeppelin.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In the liner notes of the ''[[Remasters (Led Zeppelin album)|Remasters]]'', Jimmy Page explained:
The cover and inside sleeve of this album, created by [[Hipgnosis]], features various images of people interacting with a black [[obelisk]]-shaped object.  Inside the album sleeve, the item is referred to simply as 'The Object'. It was intended to represent the 'force and presence' of Led Zeppelin.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In the liner notes of the ''[[Remasters (Led Zeppelin album)|Remasters]]'', Jimmy Page explained: {{Quote|There was no working title for the album.  The record-jacket designer said 'When I think of the group, I always think of power and force.  There's a definite presence there.' That was it. He wanted to call it 'Obelisk'. To me, it was more important what was behind the obelisk. The cover is very tongue-in-cheek, to be quite honest. Sort of a joke on [the film] ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001]]''. I think it's quite amusing.}}
 
<blockquote>There was no working title for the album.  The record-jacket designer said `When I think of the group, I always think of power and force.  There's a definite presence there.' That was it. He wanted to call it `Obelisk'. To me, it was more important what was behind the obelisk. The cover is very tongue-in-cheek, to be quite honest. Sort of a joke on [the film] ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001]]''. I think it's quite amusing.</blockquote>


The background used in the cover photograph is of an artificial marina that was installed inside [[London]]'s [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earl's Court Arena]] for the annual Earl's Court Boat Show that was held in the winter of 1974–1975. This was the same venue where the band played a [[Earl's Court 1975|series of concerts]] a few months after the boat show, in May 1975.
The background used in the cover photograph is of an artificial marina that was installed inside [[London]]'s [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earl's Court Arena]] for the annual Earl's Court Boat Show that was held in the winter of 1974–1975. This was the same venue where the band played a [[Earl's Court 1975|series of concerts]] a few months after the boat show, in May 1975.
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== Release and critical reception ==
== Release and critical reception ==
The album was released on 31 March 1976, having been delayed by the completion of the album sleeve.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In Britain it attained one of the highest ever advance orders, shipping gold on the day of release. In America it peaked at #1 on [[Billboard Music Charts|Billboard]]'s Pop Albums chart, leaping from #24 inside two weeks.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In 1977 the album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|best album package]].
The album was released on 31 March 1976, having been delayed by the completion of the album sleeve.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In Britain it attained one of the highest ever advance orders, shipping gold on the day of release. In America it peaked at number 1 on [[Billboard Music Charts|Billboard]]'s Pop Albums chart, leaping from number 24 inside two weeks.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref> In 1977 the album was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]] in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package|best album package]].
 
The album's catalogue numbers were Swan Song SS 8416 in the U.S. and Swan Song SSK59402 in the UK, before being changed to 92439-2 for when the remastered version was released. However, this album has been the band's slowest selling album. In late 1976 the album was also somewhat overshadowed by the release of the band's movie and soundtrack ''[[The Song Remains the Same]]''.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>


According to Dave Lewis, "the direct-hard hitting nature of the seven recordings failed to connect with a fan base more accustomed to the diversity and experimental edge of their previous work.<ref name="CelebrationII">Dave Lewis (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, p. 45.</ref> Indeed, Page later himself acknowledged that, because the album conveys a sense of urgency as a direct result of the troubled circumstances in which it was recorded, "it's not an easy album for a lot of people to access ... [I]t's not an easy album for a lot of people to listen to."<ref name=williamson>Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', May 2005, p. 72.</ref>
The album's catalogue numbers were Swan Song SS 8416 in the U.S. and Swan Song SSK 59402 in the UK, before being changed to 92439-2 for when the remastered version was released. However, this album has been the band's slowest selling album. In late 1976 the album was also somewhat overshadowed by the release of the band's movie and soundtrack ''[[The Song Remains the Same]]''.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.</ref>


However, despite its initially subdued reception, Lewis considers that ''Presence''
According to Dave Lewis, 'the direct-hard hitting nature of the seven recordings failed to connect with a fan base more accustomed to the diversity and experimental edge of their previous work.<ref>Lewis, Dave (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, p. 45.</ref> Indeed, Page later himself acknowledged that, because the album conveys a sense of urgency as a direct result of the troubled circumstances in which it was recorded, 'it's not an easy album for a lot of people to access … [I]t's not an easy album for a lot of people to listen to.'<ref>Williamson, Nigel. 'Forget the Myths', ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', May 2005, p. 72.</ref>


<blockquote>has become a much underrated element of their catalogue. The basic drums-bass-guitars formula may lack the diversity of previous Zeppelin sets, but in terms of sheer energy, 'Presence' packs a considerable punch, and has emerged as one of their most potent performances ... This album is also a triumph for Jimmy Page. His production and dominant guitar style has an urgency and passion that reflects the troubled period that the group were going through at the time. 'Presence' is Led Zeppelin with their backs against the wall.<ref>Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9</ref></blockquote>
However, despite its initially subdued reception, Lewis considers that ''Presence'': {{Quote|Has become a much underrated element of their catalogue. The basic drums-bass-guitars formula may lack the diversity of previous Zeppelin sets, but in terms of sheer energy, 'Presence' packs a considerable punch, and has emerged as one of their most potent performances … This album is also a triumph for Jimmy Page. His production and dominant guitar style has an urgency and passion that reflects the troubled period that the group were going through at the time. 'Presence' is Led Zeppelin with their backs against the wall.<ref>Lewis, Dave (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9</ref>}}


=== Accolades ===
=== Accolades ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class='wikitable sortable'
|-
|-
! Publication
! Publication
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! Accolade
! Accolade
! Year
! Year
!align="center"|Rank
!align='center'|Rank
|-
|-
| [[Melody Maker]]
| [[Melody Maker]]
| United Kingdom
| United Kingdom
| "Best Album of the Year"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/643805862.html?dids=643805862:643805862&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Oct+12%2C+1976&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Yes+Regains+Best+Band+Crown&pqatl=google| title=Best Album for 1976 - 11 October 1976|accessdate=2009-02-10 | publisher=''Melody Maker''}}</ref>
| Best Album of the Year<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/643805862.html?dids=643805862:643805862&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Oct+12%2C+1976&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Yes+Regains+Best+Band+Crown&pqatl=google| title=Best Album for 1976 - 11 October 1976|accessdate=2009-02-10 | publisher=''Melody Maker''}}</ref>
| 1976
| 1976
| 2
| 2
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| [[Grammy Award]]
| [[Grammy Award]]
| United States
| United States
| "[[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package]]"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/645902742.html?dids=645902742:645902742&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jan+13%2C+1977&author=DENNIS+HUNT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Nominees+for+Grammy+Awards+Announced&pqatl=google | title=Grammy Award for Best Album Package (Hipgnosis) - 19 February 1977| accessdate=2009-02-10 | publisher=Grammy}}</ref>
| [[Grammy Award for Best Recording Package]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/645902742.html?dids=645902742:645902742&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jan+13%2C+1977&author=DENNIS+HUNT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Nominees+for+Grammy+Awards+Announced&pqatl=google | title=Grammy Award for Best Album Package (Hipgnosis) - 19 February 1977| accessdate=2009-02-10 | publisher=Grammy}}</ref>
| 1977
| 1977
| Nominee
| Nominee
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| ''New Book of Rock Lists''
| ''New Book of Rock Lists''
| United States
| United States
| "75 Great Album Cover Designs"<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/new_book_of_rock_lists.htm| title=75 Great Album Cover Designs - 1994| publisher=rocklistmusic.co.uk| accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
| 75 Great Album Cover Designs<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/new_book_of_rock_lists.htm| title=75 Great Album Cover Designs - 1994| publisher=rocklistmusic.co.uk| accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
| 1994
| 1994
| 48
| 48
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class='wikitable'
|colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue"|<center>'''Album information'''</center>
|colspan='2' style='background:lightsteelblue'|<center>'''Album information'''</center>
|-
|-
|
|
Track listing:
Track listing:
*Side 1:
*Side 1:
# "[[Achilles Last Stand]]" ([[Jimmy Page]], [[Robert Plant]]) – 10:25
#'[[Achilles Last Stand]]' ([[Jimmy Page]], [[Robert Plant]]) – 10:25
# "[[For Your Life]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:20
#'[[For Your Life]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:20
# "[[Royal Orleans]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, [[John Bonham]]) – 2:58
#'[[Royal Orleans]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, [[John Bonham]]) – 2:58
*Side 2:  
*Side 2:  
# "[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:27
#'[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:27
# "[[Candy Store Rock]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:07
#'[[Candy Store Rock]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:07
# "[[Hots On for Nowhere]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:43
#'[[Hots On for Nowhere]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:43
# "[[Tea for One]]" (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 9:27
#'[[Tea for One]]' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 9:27
|-
|-
|}
|}
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== Chart positions ==
== Chart positions ==
=== Album ===
=== Album ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class='wikitable sortable'
!Chart (1976)
!Chart (1976)
!align="center"|Peak Position
!align='center'|Peak Position
|-
|-
| Japanese Albums Chart<ref name="Japanese albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/ | title = Top 100 Albums - 17 April 1976 | publisher = Oricon | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| Japanese Albums Chart<ref name='Japanese albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/ | title = Top 100 Albums - 17 April 1976 | publisher = Oricon | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|align='center'|2
|-
|-
| Norwegian Albums Chart<ref name="Norwegian albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Presence&cat=a | title = Top 20 Albums - 18 April 1976 | publisher = norwegiancharts.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| Norwegian Albums Chart<ref name='Norwegian albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Presence&cat=a | title = Top 20 Albums - 18 April 1976 | publisher = norwegiancharts.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|4
|align='center'|4
|-
|-
| UK Albums Chart<ref name="UK albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=3819 | title = Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = chartstats.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| UK Albums Chart<ref name='UK albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=3819 | title = Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = chartstats.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|align='center'|1
|-
|-
| US ''Cash Box'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name="US cash box chart">{{cite web | url = http://msdb.hp.infoseek.co.jp/cb&bb/album%20no1/1976.htm | title = Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = ''Cash Box'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| US ''Cash Box'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name='US cash box chart'>{{cite web | url = http://msdb.hp.infoseek.co.jp/cb&bb/album%20no1/1976.htm | title = Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = ''Cash Box'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|align='center'|1
|-
|-
| US ''Record World'' Top Pop Albums Chart<ref name="US record world chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/muggy59/RWPOPLPS1975THRU1979.html | title = Top Pop Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = ''Record World'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| US ''Record World'' Top Pop Albums Chart<ref name='US record world chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/muggy59/RWPOPLPS1975THRU1979.html | title = Top Pop Albums - 24 April 1976 | publisher = ''Record World'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|align='center'|1
|-
|-
| Swedish Albums Chart<ref name="Swedish albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Presence&cat=a | title = Top 60 Albums - 26 April 1976 | publisher = swedishcharts.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| Swedish Albums Chart<ref name='Swedish albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Presence&cat=a | title = Top 60 Albums - 26 April 1976 | publisher = swedishcharts.com | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|align='center'|8
|-
|-
| US ''Billboard'' The 200 Albums Chart<ref name="US billboard 200 chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=305&cfgn=Albums&cfn=The+Billboard+200&ci=3069243&cdi=8749378&cid=05%2F01%2F1976 | title = The Billboard 200 - 1 May 1976 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| US ''Billboard'' The 200 Albums Chart<ref name='US billboard 200 chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=305&cfgn=Albums&cfn=The+Billboard+200&ci=3069243&cdi=8749378&cid=05%2F01%2F1976 | title = The Billboard 200 - 1 May 1976 | publisher = ''Billboard'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|align='center'|1
|-
|-
| Canadian ''RPM'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name="Canadian rpm chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4129a&volume=25&issue=10&issue_dt=June%2005%201976&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=hrg50o22lgammqcogv27ve6d95 | title = RPM Albums Chart - 5 June 1976 | publisher = ''RPM'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| Canadian ''RPM'' Top 100 Albums Chart<ref name='Canadian rpm chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4129a&volume=25&issue=10&issue_dt=June%2005%201976&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=hrg50o22lgammqcogv27ve6d95 | title = RPM Albums Chart - 5 June 1976 | publisher = ''RPM'' | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|align='center'|16
|-
|-
| New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart<ref name="New zealand albums chart">{{cite book | author= Scapolo, Dean| title=The Complete New Zealand Music Charts| edition=1st | location=Wellington| publisher=Transpress| year=2007| chapter=Top 50 Albums - June 1976| isbn=1-877443-00-8}}</ref>
| New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart<ref name='New zealand albums chart'>{{cite book | author= Scapolo, Dean| title=The Complete New Zealand Music Charts| edition=1st | location=Wellington| publisher=Transpress| year=2007| chapter=Top 50 Albums - June 1976| isbn=1-877443-00-8}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|align='center'|8
|-
|-
| German Albums Chart<ref name="German albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php | title = Top 100 Albums - June 1976 | publisher = charts-surfer.de | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| German Albums Chart<ref name='German albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php | title = Top 100 Albums - June 1976 | publisher = charts-surfer.de | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|27
|align='center'|27
|-
|-
| Spanish Albums Chart<ref name="Spanish albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.promusicae.es/english.html | title = Top 100 Albums - 17 July 1976 | publisher = PROMUSICAE | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| Spanish Albums Chart<ref name='Spanish albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.promusicae.es/english.html | title = Top 100 Albums - 17 July 1976 | publisher = PROMUSICAE | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|align='center'|7
|-
|-
| French Albums Chart<ref name="French albums chart">{{cite web | url = http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1976.php | title = Top 100 Albums - 1976 | publisher = infodisc.fr | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
| French Albums Chart<ref name='French albums chart'>{{cite web | url = http://www.infodisc.fr/B-CD_1976.php | title = Top 100 Albums - 1976 | publisher = infodisc.fr | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|5
|align='center'|5
|-
|-
| Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart
| Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart
|align="center"|4
|align='center'|4
|-
|-
|}
|}


=== Singles ===
=== Singles ===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class='wikitable'
! Year
! Year
! Single
! Single
Line 177: Line 163:
|-
|-
| 1976
| 1976
| "Candy Store Rock"
| 'Candy Store Rock'
| ''Billboard'' Hot 100 (Pop Singles)
| ''Billboard'' Hot 100 (Pop Singles)
| 50
| 50
Line 185: Line 171:
== Sales certifications ==
== Sales certifications ==
=== Album ===
=== Album ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class='wikitable sortable'
! Country
! Country
!align="center"|Sales
!align='center'|Sales
!align="center"|Certification
!align='center'|Certification
|-
|-
| United Kingdom (BPI)
| United Kingdom (BPI)
|align="center"|300,000+
|align='center'|300,000+
|align="center"|Platinum<ref name="BPI">{{cite web | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=31849| title = BPI Presence certification - 19 November 2004 |publisher = BPI | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align='center'|Platinum<ref name='BPI'>{{cite web | url = http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=31849| title = BPI Presence certification - 19 November 2004 |publisher = BPI | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|-
|-
| United States ([[RIAA]])
| United States ([[RIAA]])
|align="center"|3,000,000+
|align='center'|3,000,000+
|align="center"|3x Multi-Platinum<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS | title = RIAA.org Presence - 25 November 1997| publisher = RIAA | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|align='center'|3× Multi-Platinum<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS | title = RIAA.org Presence - 25 November 1997| publisher = RIAA | accessdate = 2009-01-19}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
==Credit==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class='wikitable'
|colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen"|<center>'''Personnel'''</center>
|colspan='2' style='background:lightgreen'|<center>'''Personnel'''</center>
|-
|-
|
|
*Musicians:
*Musicians:
**[[Jimmy Page]] – electric guitar, producer, remastering, digital remastering
**Jimmy Page – electric guitar, producer, remastering, digital remastering
**Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica
**Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica
**John Paul Jones – bass guitar
**John Paul Jones – bass guitar
Line 221: Line 207:
|}
|}


== References ==
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

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Presence
Presencealbum1976.jpg
Type Studio album
Artist Led Zeppelin
Release Date 31 March 1976
Recorded November 1975 at Musicland Studios, Munich, Germany.
Genre Hard rock, blues rock, rockabilly
Language English
Length 44 min 25 sec
Label Swan Song Records
Catalogue Swan Song SD 7208 (US), Swan Song SSK 59402 (UK)
Producer Jimmy Page
Engineer Keith Harwood

Presence is the seventh studio album by English rock band Led Zeppelin, released by Swan Song Records on 31 March 1976. The album was written and recorded during a tumultuous time in the band's history, as Robert Plant was recuperating from serious injuries he had sustained in a recent car accident. The album received mixed reviews from critics, and is one of the lowest sellers in the band's catalogue.

Background

This album was conceived after singer Robert Plant sustained serious injuries from a car accident on the Greek island of Rhodes on 5 August 1975, which forced the band to cancel a proposed world tour which was due to commence on 23 August 1975.[1] At this point, Led Zeppelin were arguably at the height of their popularity. Plant recalled:

‘ I was lying there in some pain trying to get cockroaches off the bed and the guy next to me, this drunken soldier, started singing 'The Ocean' from Houses of the Holy.[2] ’

During a convalescent period on the Channel Island of Jersey and in Malibu, California, Plant wrote some lyrics, and when guitarist Jimmy Page joined him at Malibu, these compositions were fleshed out. The two prepared enough material for rehearsals to begin at Hollywood's SIR Studio, where drummer John Bonham and bass player John Paul Jones joined them.

After a month of rehearsals, the album was recorded in just eighteen days[3] at Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany, with Plant in a wheelchair. This was the fastest recording turnaround time achieved by the band since their début album.[4] The rushed recording sessions were in part a result of Led Zeppelin having booked the studio immediately prior to The Rolling Stones, who were shortly to record songs for their album Black and Blue. Upon their arrival, the Rolling Stones were amazed that Led Zeppelin's album had indeed been completed (both recorded and mixed) in a mere seventeen days. Jimmy Page had simply stayed awake for two days straight to perform all of the guitar overdubs.

In an interview he gave to Guitar World magazine in 1998, Page stated that he worked an average of 18 to 20 hours a day during the mixing period at Musicland Studios:

‘ [A]fter the band finished recording all its parts, me and the engineer, Keith Harwood, just started mixing until we would fall asleep. Then whoever would wake up first would call the other and we'd go back in and continue to work until we passed out again.[5] ’

The recording sessions for Presence were also particularly challenging for Plant. The studio was in a basement of an old hotel, and the singer felt claustrophobic.[6] He also experienced physical difficulties as a result of his car accident, and missed his family. He explained:

‘ I spent the whole process in a wheelchair, so physically I was really frustrated. I think my vocal performance on it is pretty poor. It sounds tired and strained. The saving grace of the album was 'Candy Store Rock' and 'Achilles Last Stand'. The rhythm section on that it was so inspired ... I was furious with Page and [band manager] Peter Grant. I was just furious that I couldn't get back to the woman and the children that I loved. And I was thinking, is all this rock'n'roll worth anything at all?[7] ’

The album was completed on 27 November 1975. This was the day before Thanksgiving, and in a telephone call to Swan Song Records, Page suggested the album be named Thanksgiving.[8] This idea was quickly dropped, in favour of a title which it was thought would represent the powerful force and presence that the band members felt surrounded the group.[9]

Composition

Most of the album consists solely of Page and Plant compositions. This can be explained by the fact that the majority of the songs were formulated at Malibu, where Page (but not Bonham and Jones) had initially joined a recuperating Plant.[10] With Plant at less than full fitness, Page took responsibility for the album's completion, and his playing and production dominate the album's tracks.[11]

Both Page and Plant had planned this album's recording session as a return to hard rock, much like their debut album, except at a new level of complexity. It marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams. Whereas their previous albums contain electric hard rock anthems balanced with acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements, Presence was seen to include more simplified riffs, and is Led Zeppelin's only studio album that features neither acoustic tracks nor keyboards (almost buried in the mix, a lone acoustic guitar can be heard on 'Candy Store Rock').

The changed stylistic emphasis on this album was a direct result of the troubled circumstances experienced by the band around the time of its recording. As Page said at the time:

‘ I think it was just a reflection of the total anxiety and emotion of that period. There's a hell of a lot of spontaneity about that album. We went in with virtually nothing and everything just came pouring out.[12] ’

Plant expressed similar views, stating:

‘ It was really like a cry of survival. There won't be another album like it, put it like that. It was a cry from the depths, the only thing that we could do.[13] ’

In contrast to earlier albums which contained several tracks that the band chose to play live at Led Zeppelin concerts, only two tracks from Presence were played in full on stage while the band was active. 'Achilles Last Stand' and 'Nobody's Fault but Mine' were added to the setlist for the 1977 tour of the United States and stayed through the band's final concerts in 1980. Some of the guitar solo from 'Tea for One' was also incorporated into 'Since I've Been Loving You' in these shows, but the actual song was never performed live until the Page and Plant tour of Japan in 1996, where it received three airings backed by an orchestra. 'For Your Life' was played in full by Led Zeppelin for the first time at the Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert on 10 December 2007.

The lack of live interpretations of the Presence material is perhaps understandable given that it would be a full year before they would return to the road.[14]

Album sleeve design

The cover and inside sleeve of this album, created by Hipgnosis, features various images of people interacting with a black obelisk-shaped object. Inside the album sleeve, the item is referred to simply as 'The Object'. It was intended to represent the 'force and presence' of Led Zeppelin.[15] In the liner notes of the Remasters, Jimmy Page explained:

‘ There was no working title for the album. The record-jacket designer said 'When I think of the group, I always think of power and force. There's a definite presence there.' That was it. He wanted to call it 'Obelisk'. To me, it was more important what was behind the obelisk. The cover is very tongue-in-cheek, to be quite honest. Sort of a joke on [the film] 2001. I think it's quite amusing. ’

The background used in the cover photograph is of an artificial marina that was installed inside London's Earl's Court Arena for the annual Earl's Court Boat Show that was held in the winter of 1974–1975. This was the same venue where the band played a series of concerts a few months after the boat show, in May 1975.

In 1977 the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package.

Release and critical reception

The album was released on 31 March 1976, having been delayed by the completion of the album sleeve.[16] In Britain it attained one of the highest ever advance orders, shipping gold on the day of release. In America it peaked at number 1 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, leaping from number 24 inside two weeks.[17] In 1977 the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package.

The album's catalogue numbers were Swan Song SS 8416 in the U.S. and Swan Song SSK 59402 in the UK, before being changed to 92439-2 for when the remastered version was released. However, this album has been the band's slowest selling album. In late 1976 the album was also somewhat overshadowed by the release of the band's movie and soundtrack The Song Remains the Same.[18]

According to Dave Lewis, 'the direct-hard hitting nature of the seven recordings failed to connect with a fan base more accustomed to the diversity and experimental edge of their previous work.[19] Indeed, Page later himself acknowledged that, because the album conveys a sense of urgency as a direct result of the troubled circumstances in which it was recorded, 'it's not an easy album for a lot of people to access … [I]t's not an easy album for a lot of people to listen to.'[20]

However, despite its initially subdued reception, Lewis considers that Presence:

‘ Has become a much underrated element of their catalogue. The basic drums-bass-guitars formula may lack the diversity of previous Zeppelin sets, but in terms of sheer energy, 'Presence' packs a considerable punch, and has emerged as one of their most potent performances … This album is also a triumph for Jimmy Page. His production and dominant guitar style has an urgency and passion that reflects the troubled period that the group were going through at the time. 'Presence' is Led Zeppelin with their backs against the wall.[21] ’

Accolades

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Melody Maker United Kingdom Best Album of the Year[22] 1976 2
Grammy Award United States Grammy Award for Best Recording Package[23] 1977 Nominee
New Book of Rock Lists United States 75 Great Album Cover Designs[24] 1994 48


Album information

Track listing:

  • Side 1:
  1. 'Achilles Last Stand' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 10:25
  2. 'For Your Life' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:20
  3. 'Royal Orleans' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, John Bonham) – 2:58
  • Side 2:
  1. 'Nobody's Fault but Mine' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 6:27
  2. 'Candy Store Rock' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:07
  3. 'Hots On for Nowhere' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 4:43
  4. 'Tea for One' (Jimmy Page, Robert Plant) – 9:27

Chart positions

Album

Chart (1976) Peak Position
Japanese Albums Chart[25] 2
Norwegian Albums Chart[26] 4
UK Albums Chart[27] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 Albums Chart[28] 1
US Record World Top Pop Albums Chart[29] 1
Swedish Albums Chart[30] 8
US Billboard The 200 Albums Chart[31] 1
Canadian RPM Top 100 Albums Chart[32] 16
New Zealand Top 50 Albums Chart[33] 8
German Albums Chart[34] 27
Spanish Albums Chart[35] 7
French Albums Chart[36] 5
Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart 4

Singles

Year Single Chart Position
1976 'Candy Store Rock' Billboard Hot 100 (Pop Singles) 50

Sales certifications

Album

Country Sales Certification
United Kingdom (BPI) 300,000+ Platinum[37]
United States (RIAA) 3,000,000+ 3× Multi-Platinum[38]

Credit

Personnel
  • Musicians:
    • Jimmy Page – electric guitar, producer, remastering, digital remastering
    • Robert Plant – vocals, harmonica
    • John Paul Jones – bass guitar
    • John Bonham - drums, percussion
  • Production:
    • Peter Grant – executive producer
    • Keith Harwood - engineer, mixing
    • Jeremy Gee – tape engineer
    • George Hardie - sleeve design
    • Hipgnosis - sleeve design
    • Joe Sidore - original CD mastering engineer (mid-1980s)
    • George Marino - remastered CD engineer (1990)

Notes

  1. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  2. ↑ Light & Shade Cameron Crowe, Led Zeppelin Boxed Set liner notes
  3. ↑ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The The Song Remains the Same, reissued version, 2007.
  4. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  5. ↑ Tolinski, Brad and Di Bendetto, Greg. 'Light and Shade', Guitar World, January 1998.
  6. ↑ Welch, Chris (1994) Led Zeppelin, London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.
  7. ↑ Welch, Chris (1994) Led Zeppelin, London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 79-81.
  8. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  9. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  10. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  11. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  12. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  13. ↑ Gilmore, Mikal (10 August 2006). "The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone (1006). Retrieved on 2007-12-09.
  14. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  15. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  16. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  17. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  18. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
  19. ↑ Lewis, Dave (2003), Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, p. 45.
  20. ↑ Williamson, Nigel. 'Forget the Myths', Uncut, May 2005, p. 72.
  21. ↑ Lewis, Dave (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
  22. ↑ Best Album for 1976 - 11 October 1976. Melody Maker. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
  23. ↑ Grammy Award for Best Album Package (Hipgnosis) - 19 February 1977. Grammy. Retrieved on 2009-02-10.
  24. ↑ 75 Great Album Cover Designs - 1994. rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  25. ↑ Top 100 Albums - 17 April 1976. Oricon. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  26. ↑ Top 20 Albums - 18 April 1976. norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  27. ↑ Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976. chartstats.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  28. ↑ Top 100 Albums - 24 April 1976. Cash Box. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  29. ↑ Top Pop Albums - 24 April 1976. Record World. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  30. ↑ Top 60 Albums - 26 April 1976. swedishcharts.com. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  31. ↑ The Billboard 200 - 1 May 1976. Billboard. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  32. ↑ RPM Albums Chart - 5 June 1976. RPM. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  33. ↑ Scapolo, Dean (2007). “Top 50 Albums - June 1976”, The Complete New Zealand Music Charts, 1st. Wellington: Transpress. ISBN 1-877443-00-8. 
  34. ↑ Top 100 Albums - June 1976. charts-surfer.de. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  35. ↑ Top 100 Albums - 17 July 1976. PROMUSICAE. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  36. ↑ Top 100 Albums - 1976. infodisc.fr. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  37. ↑ BPI Presence certification - 19 November 2004. BPI. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
  38. ↑ RIAA.org Presence - 25 November 1997. RIAA. Retrieved on 2009-01-19.
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