User:Roger A. Lohmann/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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(These sections are being written for addition to the [[Public]] article I've been working on.)
(These sections are being written for addition to the [[Public]] article I've been working on.)


===Dewey and Lippman on Publics===


[[Walter Lippmann]] (1889-1974) was a working journalist and political commentator who exercised a powerful influence on twentieth century views of the public. Along with [[Herbert Croly]] and [[Walter Weyl]], Lippman was a Progressive, one of the founding editors of [[The New Republic]] and a highly influential force in American [[journalism]] during the first half of the twentieth century. Among other notable contributions, Lippman popularized use of the term "stereotype" which in his definition referred to "the pictures in our heads". In addition to his role as a journalist, Lippman was an a [[WASP]] elitist who also served as an informal advisor to a number of U.S. presidents from [[Woodrow Wilson]] through [[Lyndon Johnson]].
In ''[[Public Opinion]]'' (1922) Lippmann offered his fullest statement of the role of [[newspapers]] in modern [[representative democracy]], the [[Public#General Public|public]] and a passive, information-processing view of public opinion formation. Lippmann argued that modern industrial democracies were too complex for average citizens to effectively understand  and direct. Government must be largely carried out by an expert-based [[governing class]]. He saw the accuracy of news and the protection of journalistic sources as principal problems of democracy and presented the general public as a bewildered and rather passive herd. In modern, [[industrial society]], according to Lippmann, it was the job of the [[journalism|journalist]] to translate the actions and motives of the governing class of bureaucratic experts and specialists into terms that the general public could comprehend. He found the notion of actual government by the people (as opposed to their better-informed representatives) altogether implausible.
Three years later, in ''[[The Phantom Public]]'' (1925), Lippman's view reached what proved to be its outer limit when Lippmann recognized that experts could themselves be outsiders to a problem outside their rather narrow domains of expertise. Apart from the few who understood any particular issue, even other experts were not possessed of sufficient accurate information to be capable of effective action. Lippmann may have been influenced in this view, some authorities believe, by the views of European [[Fascism|Facists]] who were already in power in [[Italy]] and gaining strength elsewhere in Europe at the time or by advocates of [[technocracy]].) Lippmann’s view is that public affairs are largely the responsibility of elected representatives and appointed officials who are expert elites. Many other progressives expressed similar views, including [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Herbert Croly]] and [[Mary Parker Follett]]'s early (1896)  study of the U.S. House of Representatives. <ref> </ref>
Two years later, in ''The Public and its Problems'', <ref>John Dewey. The Public and Its Problems. New York: Holt. 1927</ref> [[John Dewey]], who was the best-known American philosopher and public intellectual of the first half of the twentieth century, offered a response to Lippmann’s case for representative democracy.Dewey argued that politics is the responsibility of all citizens, and that adequate education would provide citizens with the knowledge needed to be involved in politics. In the Dewey model, there was a place for ordinary  citizens alongside elites and experts in government, and  journalism assumed an educational role. Dewey also worked out the implications of expertise for the public as well as leaders: In reply to Lippman's implied (and debilitating) [[division of labor]] among experts, he posited multiple publics with specialized and focused interests paralleling those of the experts. Decades later, the political scientist and theorist [[Robert Dahl]] in a study of New Haven politics detailed similar public dynamics between experts, elites and interested publics and numerous other political studies have detailed focused publics as "constituencies" of public bureaucracies.<ref>Robert A. Dahl. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1961.</ref> At about the same time David Easton and other [[political systems]] theorists theorized feedback loops ( notably "[[Public#public opinion|public opinion]]") back to the experts and leaders, and Lazarsfeld and Katz identified a "two-step flow" of communication in which [[Public#public opinion|public opinion]] formation was mediated by an even more complex division of labor involving not only experts and publics but also "opinion leaders" whose greater expertise and knowledge is recognized by other members of the public who take their cues


==Article Ideas, Fragments, etc==
==Article Ideas, Fragments, etc==

Revision as of 18:49, 7 June 2009

"When there isn't anything else fun to do, I go outside and play in my sandbox."

Anon. (Age 8)


(These sections are being written for addition to the Public article I've been working on.)


Article Ideas, Fragments, etc

Title Composer/Librettist Location Main Characters Date
First Produced 		Date
Movie
Oklahoma Oklahoma Territory Curley McLain, Laurey Williams 1941 1943
State Fair Iowa State Fair 1948 1948 1948
Annie Get Your Gun Annie Oakley 1900 1900
Meet Me In St. Louis 1900 1900
South Pacific WWII in Pacific 1900 1900
Wonderful Town NYC 1900 1900
New York, New York 1900 1900
Phantom of the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webber Paris Opera, Paris Sewer 1941 1943
Aspects of Love Andrew Lloyd Webber 1948 1948 1948
Cats Andrew Lloyd Webber 1900 1900
Evita Andrew Lloyd Webber Argentina 1900
West Side Story Leonard Bernstein 1900 1900
The Sound of Music Austria 1900 1900
My Fair Lady Edwardian London 1900 }
Private Lives Noel Coward 1900 }
Kiss Me Kate 1900 }
The King and I Siam 1900 }
Pal Joey 1900 }
Guys and Dolls Broadway 1900 }
London Calling Noel Coward London Willy & George Craft 1923 }
Kiss Me Kate }
[[ ]] }
A Chorus Line }
Hair }
No No Nanette }
Jesus Christ, Superstar }
Starlight Express }
Follies }
[[ ]] }
[[ ]] }

Catalog of Art Nouveau organizations

Organization Founder City Year Media ???
Art Furniture Alliance
Bonn
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
[[ ]]
}
}
}
[[ ]]
[[ ]]

References


(No workgroup is going to want to claim this!)

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