Transition element: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:43, 17 September 2009

(Under construction)

A transition element is a chemical element element whose atomic electron configuration of the ground (lowest energy) state has an incompletely filled d sub-shell. The electron configuration contains (nd)^k, with 1 ≤ k ≤ 9, and where n is a principal quantum number. The unpaired valence d electrons give rise to some characteristic magnetic properties of (compounds of) transition metals.

Also the atoms copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) that have a filled d sub-shell, but after ionization have an incomplete d sub-shell, are usually seen as transition elements. They have the lowest energy configuration (np)⁶(nd)¹⁰(n+1)s, with n = 3, 4, and 5 for copper, silver, and gold, respectively.

In the past the group 12 elements zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), that are included in the "d-block" of the periodic table, were seen as transition elements, but they are nowadays rarely considered as such, because they lack some characteristic magnetic properties.

A strict application of the definition would describe lutetium (Lu) as a transition element as it has a singly occupied 5d orbital in its ground state, but it is a lanthanoid (previously known as lanthanide) according to IUPAC.^[1] It appears most commonly as a positive ion without d-electrons in the valence shell and without characteristic magnetic properties. For the same reason scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are often omitted from the list of transition metals.

The naturally occurring transition elements are shown in two tables. The elements in Period 7, although formally transition elements, are man-made [except for Actinium (Z = 87)] and are not shown.

**Rows and columns of the Periodic Table of Elements containing transition elements**
The atomic number Z is between brackets
Group	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Period 4	Sc (21)	Ti (22)	V (23)	Cr (24)	Mn (25)	Fe (26)	Co (27)	Ni (28)	Cu (29)
Period 5	Y (39)	Zr (40)	Nb (41)	Mo (42)	Tc (43)	Ru (44)	Rh (45)	Pd (46)	Ag (47)
Period 6	La (57)	Hf (72)	Ta (73)	W (74)	Re (75)	Os (76)	Ir (77)	Pt (78)	Au (79)

Reference

↑ IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (online draft of an updated version of the "Red Book" IR 3-6), 2004. Retrieved on 17/9/2009.

**Atomic Electron Configurations of Transition Elements**
Z	Symbol	Element	1s	2s	2p	3s	3p	3d	4s	4p	4d	4f	5s	5p	5d	6s
21	Sc	Scandium	2	2	6	2	6	1	2
22	Ti	Titanium	2	2	6	2	6	2	2
23	V	Vanadium	2	2	6	2	6	3	2
24	Cr	Chromium	2	2	6	2	6	5	1
25	Mn	Manganese	2	2	6	2	6	5	2
26	Fe	Iron	2	2	6	2	6	6	2
27	Co	Cobalt	2	2	6	2	6	7	2
28	Ni	Nickel	2	2	6	2	6	8	2
29	Cu	Copper	2	2	6	2	6	10	1
39	Y	Yttrium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	1		2
40	Zr	Zirconium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	2		2
41	Nb	Niobium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	4		1
42	Mo	Molybdenum	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	5		1
43	Tc	Technetium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	6		1
44	Ru	Ruthenium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	7		1
45	Rh	Rhodium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	8		1
46	Pd	Palladium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10
47	Ag	Silver	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10		1
57	La	Lanthanum	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10		2	6	1	2
72	Hf	Hafnium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	2	2
73	Ta	Tantalum	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	3	2
74	W	Tungsten	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	4	2
75	Re	Rhenium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	5	2
76	Os	Osmium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	6	2
77	Ir	Iridium	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	7	2
78	Pt	Platinum	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	9	1
79	Au	Gold	2	2	6	2	6	10	2	6	10	14	2	6	10	1

[1] IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (online draft of an updated version of the "Red Book" IR 3-6), 2004. Retrieved on 17/9/2009.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''(Under construction)'''
-A '''transition element''' is a [[chemical element]] element whose [[atomic electron configuration]]
+A '''transition element''' is a [[chemical element]] element whose [[atomic electron configuration]] of the ground (lowest energy) state has an incompletely filled ''d'' sub-shell. The electron configuration contains  (''nd'')<sup>''k''</sup>, with  1 &le; ''k'' &le; 9, and  where ''n'' is a [[principal  quantum number]]. The unpaired valence ''d'' electrons give rise to some characteristic magnetic properties of (compounds of) transition metals.
-has an incomplete ''d'' sub-shell, that is part of the electron configuration is  (''nd'')<sup>''k''</sup>, with  1 &le; ''k'' &le; 9 and ''n'' the principal  quantum number.
-Also ionized atoms with an incomplete d sub-shell are transition elements.
-A strict application of this definition would describe [[lutetium]] (Lu) as a transition element because it has a singly occupied 5''d'' orbital in its ground state, but it is a [[lanthanide]] according to IUPAC.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html | title =IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (online draft of an updated version of the "''Red Book''" IR 3-6)| date =2004| accessdate = 17/9/2009}}</ref>
+Also the atoms [[copper]] (Cu), [[silver]] (Ag), and [[gold]] (Au) that have a filled ''d'' sub-shell, but  after ionization have an incomplete ''d'' sub-shell, are usually seen as transition elements.  They have the lowest energy configuration (''np'')<sup>6</sup>(''nd'')<sup>10</sup>(''n''+1)''s'', with ''n'' = 3, 4, and 5 for copper, silver, and gold, respectively.
-Below the naturally occurring transition elements are shown in two tables.  The elements in Period 7 are  man-made [except for Actinium (''Z'' = 87)] and not shown.
+In the past the group 12 elements [[zinc]] (Zn), [[cadmium]] (Cd), and [[mercury]] (Hg), that are included in the "d-block" of the periodic table, were seen as transition elements, but they are nowadays  rarely considered as such, because they lack some characteristic  magnetic properties.
+A strict application of the definition would describe [[lutetium]] (Lu) as a transition element as it has a singly occupied 5''d'' orbital in its ground state, but it is a [[lanthanoid]] (previously known as lanthanide) according to IUPAC.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html | title =IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (online draft of an updated version of the "''Red Book''" IR 3-6)| date =2004| accessdate = 17/9/2009}}</ref> It appears most commonly as a positive ion without ''d''-electrons in the valence shell and without characteristic magnetic properties. For the same reason [[scandium]] (Sc) and [[yttrium]] (Y) are often omitted from the list of transition metals.
+The naturally occurring transition elements are shown in two tables.  The elements in Period 7, although formally transition elements, are  man-made [except for Actinium (''Z'' = 87)] and are not shown.
-<references />
 <br>
------
-::<table  width="80%" border="2"
+<center>
+<table  width="80%" border="2"
   style="border: 2px red solid; border-collapse: collapse;
   background: #ffe; font-family: helvetica; font-weight: 500">
 <caption>
 <Big> <B>
-Rows and columns of the [[Periodic Table of Elements]] containing transition elements (the <i>d</i>-block)</B></BIG>
+Rows and columns of the [[Periodic Table of Elements]] containing transition elements </B></BIG>
 <br>
 <center> The [[atomic number]] ''Z'' is between brackets</center>
+</caption>
-</caption>
 <tr style="background:silver;">
      <th align="left"    > Group
@@ Line 33: / Line 34: @@
      <th align="center" > 9
      <th align="center" > 10
+    <th align="center" > 11
 <tr>
      <td align="left"  style="background:silver;font-weight: 600" > Period 4  </td>
@@ Line 43: / Line 45: @@
      <td align="center" >   Co (27) </td>
      <td align="center" >   Ni (28) </td>
+    <td align="center" >   Cu (29) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ Line 53: / Line 56: @@
      <td align="center" >   Ru (44) </td>
      <td align="center" >   Rh (45) </td>
      <td align="center" >   Pd (46) </td>
+    <td align="center" >   Ag (47) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
@@ Line 65: / Line 69: @@
      <td align="center" >   Ir (77) </td>
      <td align="center" >   Pt (78) </td>
+    <td align="center" >   Au (79) </td>
 </tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+<br>
+==Reference==
+<references />
+<br>
-</table>
-<br><br>
 -----------
 <br><br>
+<center>
 <table  width="80%">
 <caption> <Big> <B>Atomic Electron Configurations of Transition Elements</B></Big> <br>
-<center> First orbital in shell (<em>ns</em>-orbital) is shaded </center>
 <br>
 </caption>
@@ Line 107: / Line 118: @@
 <tr><td>27<td>Co  <td>[[Cobalt]]      <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>7    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>
 <tr><td>28<td>Ni  <td>[[Nickel]]      <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>8    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>
+<tr><td>29<td>Cu  <td>[[Copper]]      <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">1<td>
                                    <!--      n=1       -->     <!--      n=2            --> <!--      n = 3                -->   <!--                       n=4       -->   <!--       n=5                     -->
 <tr><td>39<td>Y   <td>[[Yttrium]]     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>1 <td>     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>
@@ Line 117: / Line 128: @@
 <tr><td>45<td>Rh  <td>[[Rhodium]]     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>8 <td>     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">1<td>
 <tr><td>46<td>Pd  <td>[[Palladium]]   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0"> <td>
+<tr><td>47<td>Ag  <td>[[Silver]]      <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">1<td>
 <tr><td>57<td>La  <td>[[Lanthanum]]   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>1 <td>    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td> <td>
@@ Line 126: / Line 138: @@
 <tr><td>77<td>Ir  <td>[[Iridium]]     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>14   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>7 <td>    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td> <td>
 <tr><td>78<td>Pt  <td>[[Platinum]]    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>14   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>9 <td>    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">1<td> <td>
+<tr><td>79<td>Au  <td>[[Gold]]        <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2     <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6 <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>14   <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">2<td>6<td>10<td>    <td bgcolor="#D0D0D0">1<td>
 </table>

Transition element: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:43, 17 September 2009

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