Transition element: Difference between revisions
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A '''transition element''' is a [[chemical element]] element whose [[atomic electron configuration]] of the ground (lowest energy) state has an incompletely filled ''d'' sub-shell. The electron configuration contains (''nd'')<sup>''k''</sup>, with 1 ≤ ''k'' ≤ 9, and where ''n'' is a [[principal quantum number]]. The incomplete electronic ''d'' subshell gives rise to some characteristic magnetic properties and brightly colored solutions of transition metal complexes. | A '''transition element''' is a [[chemical element]] element whose [[atomic electron configuration]] of the ground (lowest energy) state has an incompletely filled ''d'' sub-shell. The electron configuration contains (''nd'')<sup>''k''</sup>, with 1 ≤ ''k'' ≤ 9, and where ''n'' is a [[principal quantum number]], ''n'' = 3, 4, 5. The incomplete electronic ''d'' subshell gives rise to some characteristic magnetic properties and brightly colored solutions of transition metal complexes. | ||
Although the atoms [[copper]] (Cu), [[silver]] (Ag), and [[gold]] (Au) have in their lowest energy state a filled ''d'' sub-shell, after ionization (loss of one or more electrons) they obtain an incomplete ''d'' sub-shell; hence, they are usually seen as transition elements. As seen in the table of electron configurations below, Cu, Ag, and Au have the outer configuration: (''nd'')<sup>10</sup>(''n''+1)''s''<sup>1</sup>, with ''n'' = 3, 4, and 5 for copper, silver, and gold, respectively. | |||
In the past the group 12 elements [[zinc]] (Zn), [[cadmium]] (Cd), and [[mercury]] (Hg), that are included in the "d-block" of the periodic table, have often been considered as transition elements, but they are nowadays rarely considered as such, because their compounds lack some of the characteristic properties. | In the past the group 12 elements [[zinc]] (Zn), [[cadmium]] (Cd), and [[mercury]] (Hg), that are included in the "d-block" of the periodic table, have often been considered as transition elements, but they are nowadays rarely considered as such, because their compounds lack some of the characteristic properties. | ||
A strict application of the definition would describe [[lutetium]] (Lu) as a transition element as it has a singly occupied 5''d'' orbital in its ground state, but according to IUPAC | A strict application of the definition would describe [[lutetium]] (Lu) as a transition element as it has a singly occupied 5''d'' orbital in its ground state, but according to IUPAC<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html | title =IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (online draft of an updated version of the "''Red Book''" IR 3-6)| date =2004| accessdate = 17/9/2009}}</ref> it is a [[lanthanoid]] (previously known as lanthanide). It appears most commonly as a positive ion without ''d''-electrons in the valence shell and without the characteristic properties of a transition element. For the same reason [[scandium]] (Sc) and [[yttrium]] (Y) are often omitted from the list of transition metals. | ||
The first three series of the transition elements are shown in the two tables. The elements in | The first three series of the transition elements are shown in the two tables. The elements in the fourth series (period 7 of the periodic table), are formally transition elements. They are man-made [except for Actinium (''Z'' = 87)], not much is known about their compounds and accordingly they are not shown in the tables. | ||
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Revision as of 07:03, 28 September 2009
(Under construction)
A transition element is a chemical element element whose atomic electron configuration of the ground (lowest energy) state has an incompletely filled d sub-shell. The electron configuration contains (nd)k, with 1 ≤ k ≤ 9, and where n is a principal quantum number, n = 3, 4, 5. The incomplete electronic d subshell gives rise to some characteristic magnetic properties and brightly colored solutions of transition metal complexes.
Although the atoms copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) have in their lowest energy state a filled d sub-shell, after ionization (loss of one or more electrons) they obtain an incomplete d sub-shell; hence, they are usually seen as transition elements. As seen in the table of electron configurations below, Cu, Ag, and Au have the outer configuration: (nd)10(n+1)s1, with n = 3, 4, and 5 for copper, silver, and gold, respectively.
In the past the group 12 elements zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), that are included in the "d-block" of the periodic table, have often been considered as transition elements, but they are nowadays rarely considered as such, because their compounds lack some of the characteristic properties.
A strict application of the definition would describe lutetium (Lu) as a transition element as it has a singly occupied 5d orbital in its ground state, but according to IUPAC[1] it is a lanthanoid (previously known as lanthanide). It appears most commonly as a positive ion without d-electrons in the valence shell and without the characteristic properties of a transition element. For the same reason scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are often omitted from the list of transition metals.
The first three series of the transition elements are shown in the two tables. The elements in the fourth series (period 7 of the periodic table), are formally transition elements. They are man-made [except for Actinium (Z = 87)], not much is known about their compounds and accordingly they are not shown in the tables.
| Group | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st series | Sc (21) | Ti (22) | V (23) | Cr (24) | Mn (25) | Fe (26) | Co (27) | Ni (28) | Cu (29) |
| 2nd series | Y (39) | Zr (40) | Nb (41) | Mo (42) | Tc (43) | Ru (44) | Rh (45) | Pd (46) | Ag (47) |
| 3rd series | La (57) | Hf (72) | Ta (73) | W (74) | Re (75) | Os (76) | Ir (77) | Pt (78) | Au (79) |
| Z | Symbol | Element | Core | Configuration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | [Ar] | (3d)1 (4s)2 |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | [Ar] | (3d)2 (4s)2 |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | [Ar] | (3d)3 (4s)2 |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | [Ar] | (3d)5 (4s)1 |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | [Ar] | (3d)5 (4s)2 |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | [Ar] | (3d)6 (4s)2 |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | [Ar] | (3d)7 (4s)2 |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | [Ar] | (3d)8 (4s)2 |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | [Ar] | (3d)10(4s)1 |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | [Kr] | (4d)1 (5s)2 |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | [Kr] | (4d)2 (5s)2 |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | [Kr] | (4d)4 (5s)1 |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | [Kr] | (4d)5 (5s)1 |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium | [Kr] | (4d)6 (5s)1 |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | [Kr] | (4d)7 (5s)1 |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | [Kr] | (4d)8 (5s)1 |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | [Kr] | (4d)10 |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | [Kr] | (4d)10(5s)1 |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | [Xe] | (5d)1 (6s)2 |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | [Xe*] | (5d)2 (6s)2 |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | [Xe*] | (5d)3 (6s)2 |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | [Xe*] | (5d)4 (6s)2 |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | [Xe*] | (5d)5 (6s)2 |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | [Xe*] | (5d)6 (6s)2 |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | [Xe*] | (5d)7 (6s)2 |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | [Xe*] | (5d)9 (6s)1 |
| 79 | Au | Gold | [Xe*] | (5d)10(6s)1 |
| [Ar] stands for: | (1s)2(2s)2(2p)6 (3s)2(3p)6 | [18 electrons]. |
| [Kr] stands for: | [Ar](3d)10(4s)2(4p)6 |
[36 electrons]. |
| [Xe] stands for: | [Kr](4d)10(5s)2(5p)6 |
[54 electrons]. |
| [Xe*] stands for: | [Xe](4f)14 | [68 electrons]. |