Jacques Derrida

Jacques Derrida is the leader of the Deconstructionist movement. Borrowing from Friedrich Nietzsche process of genealogy, deconstruction seeks to read a text against itself. This is done through the revealing of the signs every sign is pointing to, in infinite reference. Deconstruction stipulates that a subject of interest (such as a text) can be better understood through this manner. Through a word Derrida is hesitant to use, deconstruction allows the reconstruction of new meanings or better understandings.

Essentially, Deconstruction tries to show that subjects of interest — texts, traditions, societies, beliefs, etc — do not have definable meanings. There is the understanding that all signs and symbols are required to be more than they appear to be in order to have meaning. That signs and symbols depend on something Derrida calls Differánce.

Differánce relies on the space, the difference, between every sign. This space exists in the referral between signs. For example, a “dog” is different than a “canine” even though they refer to the same type of animal. The difference between “dog” and “canine” gives each its unique qualities – unique qualities that depend on the difference between these two signs that have their own unique qualities. Interestingly, these unique qualities exist only because there is not a unique sign and symbol for any one subject of interest. One way to describe Differánce: The difference of difference is Differánce. To put it more simply (a hard task with Derrida), it is only by the distinction of symbols from one another that gives rise to their individual capacity. However, these symbols can not stand on their own - they require other symbols and signs to give them their Differánce. Another example: The difference between words, text itself (typeface), is the white space between these very words. The white space white gives each word its distinction from the one beside it. Without white space between words there is in fact only black bars with no unique characteristic because their is nothing to distinguish one from another. An "a" is an "a" because it is not a "b","c","d","e", and so forth.