Whig Party

The Whig Party was (along with the Democratic Party) one of the two main parties of the Second Party System. It operated in every state after formation by Henry Clay in 1832 to promote modernizing policies and battle President Andrew Jackson's policies. It elected its candidates for president in 1840 and 1848, but they both soon died. The party ran its last candidate in 1852, then quickly collapsed because it could not deal with the slavery issue.

Origins

The Whigs were modernizers who saw President Andrew Jackson as a dangerous man on horseback with a reactionary opposition to the forces of social, economic and moral modernization. As Jackson purged his opponents, vetoed internal improvements and killed the Second Bank of the United States, alarmed local elites fought back. Controlling the Senate for a while, they passed a censure motion denouncing Jackson's arrogant assumption of executive power in the face of the true will of the people as represented by Congress. Backing Henry Clay in 1832 and a medley of candidates in 1836, the opposition finally coalesced in 1840 behind a popular general, William Henry Harrison, and proved the national Whig Party could win.

The Whigs were ready to enact their programs in 1841 when Harrison was succeeded by John Tyler, an old-line Democrat who never believed in Whiggery. Factionalism ruined the party's program, and helped defeat Clay in 1844. In 1848 opportunity beckoned as the Democrats split. By ignoring Clay and nominating a famous war hero, General Zachary Taylor, the Whigs papered over their deepening splits on slavery, and won.

Rejecting the automatic party loyalty that was the hallmark of tight Democratic party organization, the Whigs suffered from factionalism. On the other hand they had a superb network of newspapers that provided an internal information system. In the 1840s Whigs won 49 percent of gubernatorial elections, with strong bases in the manufacturing Northeast and in the border states. The trend over time, however, was for the Democratic vote to grow faster, and for the Whigs to lose more and more marginal states and districts. After the close 1844 contest, the Democratic advantage widened and the Whigs could win the White House only if the Democrats split.

Whig Issues

The Whigs celebrated Clay's vision of the "American System." They demanded government support for a more modern, market-oriented economy, in which skill, expertise and bank credit would count for more than physical strength or land ownership. Whigs sought to promote faster industrialization through high tariffs, a business-oriented money supply based on a national bank, and a vigorous program of government funded "internal improvements," especially expansion of the road and canal systems. To modernize the inner American, the Whigs helped create public schools, private colleges, charities, and cultural institutions. The Democrats harkened to the Jeffersonian ideal of an egalitarian agricultural society, advising that traditional farm life bred republican simplicity, while modernization threatened to create a politically powerful caste of rich aristocrats who threatened to subvert democracy. In general the Democrats enacted their policies at the national level, while the Whigs succeeded in passing modernization projects in most states.

Whig Supporters

The Whigs won votes in every social-economic class, including the poorest. They appealed more to the upper half of the social-economic scale. The Democrats likewise won support up and down the scale, but they often sharpened their appeals to the lower half by ridiculing the aristocratic pretensions of the Whigs. Most bankers, storekeepers, factory owners, master mechanics, clerks and professionals favored the Whigs. Commercially-oriented farmers in the North voted Whig, as did most large-scale planters in the South. In general, the commercial and manufacturing towns and cities were heavily Whig, save for Democratic wards filled with recent Irish Catholic and German immigrants. The 1830s saw waves of Protestant religious revivals, which injected a moralistic element into the Whig ranks. Non-religious individuals who found themselves targets of moralism, such as calls for prohibition, denounced the Whigs as Puritans and sought refuge in the Democratic party.

Demise and Legacy

The Whigs were unable to deal with the slavery issue after 1850. Their southern leaders nearly all owned slaves. The northeastern Whigs, led by Daniel Webster, represented businessmen who loved the national flag and a national market, but cared little about slavery one way or another. However many Whig voters in the North felt that slavery was incompatible with a free labor-free market economy, and supported the Wilmot Proviso that did not passs Congress but would have stopped the expansion of slavery. No one discovered a compromise that would keep the party united. Furthermore the burgeoning economy made full-time careers in business or law much more attractive than politics for ambitious young Whigs. Thus the party leader in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, simply abandoned politics after 1849. When new issues of nativism, prohibition and anti-slavery burst on the scene in the mid 1850s, no one looked to the fast- disintegrating Whig party for answers. In the north most ex-Whigs joined the new Republican party, and in the South they flocked to a new short-lived "American" party. During the Lincoln Administration, ex-Whigs enacted much of the "American System;" later their southern cousins dominated the white response to reconstruction. In the long run, America adopted Whiggish economic policies coupled with a Democratic strong presidency.

Bibliography

• Alexander, Thomas B. "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860-1877," Journal of Southern History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Aug., 1961), pp. 305-329 online at JSTOR
• Atkins, Jonathan M.; "The Whig Party versus the "spoilsmen" of Tennessee," The Historian, Vol. 57, 1994 online version
• Albert J. Beveridge. Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858 (1928) online vol 1
• Brown, Thomas. Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party, (1985) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35907993 online edition]
• Arthur Charles Cole. The Whig Party in the South, (1913) online version
• Eric Foner. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970) online edition
• Ronald P. Formisano. "Political Character, Antipartyism, and the Second Party System," American Quarterly (1969) , 21 pp 683–709. Online through JSTOR
• Formisano, Ronald P. (June 1974). "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789–1840". American Political Science Review 68: 473–87.

Online through JSTOR

• Formisano, Ronald P. (1983). The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s. 
• Hammond, Bray. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War (1960), Pulitzer prize; the standard history. Pro-Bank
• Holt, Michael F. (1992). Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln. 
• Holt, Michael F. (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505544-6. 
• Howe, Daniel Walker (1973). The American Whigs: An Anthology. 
• Howe, Daniel Walker (March 1991). "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture during the Second Party System". Journal of American History 77: 1216–39.

Online through JSTOR

• Marc W. Kruman. "The Second Party System and the Transformation of Revolutionary Republicanism," Journal of the Early Republic, (1992) v. 12, pp 509–37
• Lynn Marshall. "The Strange Stillbirth of the Whig Party," American Historical Review, (1967) v. pp. 445–68 at JSTOR
• McCormick, Richard P. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era, (1966)
• Mueller, Henry R.; The Whig Party in Pennsylvania, (1922) online version
• Nevins, Allan. The Ordeal of the Union (1947) vol 1: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; vol 2. A House Dividing, 1852-1857. highly detailed narrative of national politics
• Poage, George Rawlings. Henry Clay and the Whig Party (1936)
• Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, (1991), the standard biography
• Remini, Robert V. Daniel Webster (1997), the standard biography
• Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes good scholarly history and selection of primary documents. Essays on the most important elections are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)
• William G. Shade. "The Second Party System," in Paul Kleppner ed., Evolution of American Electoral Systems, (1983)
• Sharp, James Roger. The Jacksonians Versus the Banks: Politics in the States after the Panic of 1837 (1970)
• Joel H. Silbey. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. (1991)
• Smith, Craig R. "Daniel Webster's Epideictic Speaking: A Study in Emerging Whig Virtues" online edition
• Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953) online edition
• Van Deusen, Glyndon G. "Whig Party," in History of U.S. Political Parties, edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (1973) pages=1:331–63
• Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Thurlow Weed, Wizard of the Lobby (1947)
• Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (2005)
• Wilson, Major L. Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict, 1815-1861 (1974) intellectual history of Whigs and Democrats