Medical malpractice
Medical malpractice is the "failure of a professional person, a physician or lawyer, to render proper services through reprehensible ignorance or negligence or through criminal intent, especially when injury or loss follows".[1]
Epidemiology
Malpractice can occur in the inpatient setting, outpatient setting[2], and with telephone medicine.[3]
Relationship to medical error
According to the Harvard Medical Practice Study, "medical-malpractice litigation infrequently compensates patients injured by medical negligence and rarely identifies, and holds providers accountable for, substandard care."[4] In one study, one third of claims did not involve medical error.[5]
Expert testimony and standard of care
In the United States, most states now try to determine what is the best medical practice. Originally, efforts focused on assessing the quality of the expert who interprets evidence for the court rather than the quality of the evidence itself. The Frye test helped determine who was expert. More recently, the Daubert standard is used to assess the quality of evidence.[6][7] Occasionally, courts have used "Daubert panels" to assess evidence in large tort claims.[8]
Some states also use a locality rule, or local standards of care despite ethical problems with this standard.[9] The locality rule may "may inhibit the incorporation of scientific progress into practice standards."[9] A well-publicized malpractice case of screening for prostate cancer was dtermined in this way.[10] This specific case has been associated with an increase in screening for prostate cancer.[11]
Decision analysis has been proposed to improve the reliability of expert testimony.[12]
States vary in their implementation of apology laws.[13] Some states have laws that protect voluntary expressions of "sympathy, regret, and condolence" whereas other states protect "admissions of fault as well as expressions of sympathy."[13]
Problems
One study found that "For every dollar spent on compensation, 54 cents went to administrative expenses (including those involving lawyers, experts, and courts)."[5]
Malpractice reform
Malpractice reform is proposed to:
Various reforms have been proposed including:[14]
- caps on noneconomic damage awards
- disclosure and offer programs
- administrative or specialized tribunals
- safe harbors for adherence to evidence-based practices
The American College of Physicians has suggested demonstration projects test the feasibility of enterprise liability.[16][17]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), term (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Gandhi TK, Kachalia A, Thomas EJ, et al (2006). "Missed and delayed diagnoses in the ambulatory setting: a study of closed malpractice claims". Ann. Intern. Med. 145 (7): 488–96. PMID 17015866. [e]
- ↑ Katz HP, Kaltsounis D, Halloran L, Mondor M (2008). "Patient Safety and Telephone Medicine : Some Lessons from Closed Claim Case Review". J Gen Intern Med. DOI:10.1007/s11606-007-0491-y. PMID 18228110. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Localio AR, Lawthers AG, Brennan TA, et al (1991). "Relation between malpractice claims and adverse events due to negligence. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study III". N. Engl. J. Med. 325 (4): 245–51. PMID 2057025. [e]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Studdert DM, Mello MM, Gawande AA, et al (2006). "Claims, errors, and compensation payments in medical malpractice litigation". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (19): 2024–33. DOI:10.1056/NEJMsa054479. PMID 16687715. Research Blogging.
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<ref>tag; name "pmid16687715" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Anonymous. Expertise in Law, Medicine, and Health Care. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved on 2009-01-15.
- ↑ Anonymous. From the Clinics to the Courts: The Role Evidence Should Play in Litigating Medical Care. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved on 2009-01-15.
- ↑ Hulka BS et al. (March 2000). "Experience of a scientific panel formed to advise the federal judiciary on silicone breast implants". N Engl J Med 342: 812–5. PMID 10717019. [e]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lewis MH, Gohagan JK, Merenstein DJ (June 2007). "The locality rule and the physician's dilemma: local medical practices vs the national standard of care". JAMA 297 (23): 2633–7. DOI:10.1001/jama.297.23.2633. PMID 17579232. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Merenstein D (January 2004). "A piece of my mind. Winners and losers". JAMA 291 (1): 15–6. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.1.15. PMID 14709561. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Krist AH, Woolf SH, Johnson RE (2007). "How physicians approach prostate cancer screening before and after losing a lawsuit". Ann Fam Med 5 (2): 120–5. PMID 17389535. PMC 1838685. [e]
- ↑ Weir SS, Curtis P, McNutt RA (1990). "Expert testimony based on decision analysis: a malpractice case report". J Gen Intern Med 5 (5): 406–9. PMID 2231036. [e]
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 McDonnell WM, Guenther E (December 2008). "Narrative review: do state laws make it easier to say "I'm sorry?"". Ann. Intern. Med. 149 (11): 811–6. PMID 19047028. [e]
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Mello MM, Brennan TA. The role of medical liability reform in federal health care reform. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 2;361(1):1-3. Epub 2009 Jun 15. PMID 19528190
- ↑ Kessler DP, Sage WM, Becker DJ. Impact of malpractice reforms on the supply of physician services. JAMA. 2005 Jun 1;293(21):2618-25. PMID 15928283
- ↑ (March 1995) "Beyond MICRA: new ideas for liability reform. American College of Physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 122 (6): 466–73. PMID 7856998. [e]
- ↑ Petersen SK (March 1995). "No-fault and enterprise liability: the view from Utah". Ann. Intern. Med. 122 (6): 462–3. PMID 7856996. [e]