Wristwatch/Timelines

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A timeline (or several) relating to Wristwatch.
 3500 BC(E): The obelisk is created by Egyptians, and possibly previously by Sumerians
 1500 BC(E):
  • The sundial/shadow clock is built by Egyptians
  • One of the earliest water clocks is buried in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Ahemhotem I
 500 - 100 BC(E):
  • Romans and the Greeks improve water clocks through mechanics (bells, gongs, doors -- ways to attempt flow regulation)
  • 325 BC(E) - clepsydras' ("water theives") are used by the Greeks
 30 BC(E): Vitruvius describes 13 different types of sundial styles in Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy[1]
 1 BC(E): Andronikos constructs the Horologion, the "Tower of the Winds" in Macedonia, Athens Marketplace
 200 - 1300 CE(AD):
  • Chinese inventors modify clepsydras' to drive various mechcanisms.
  • 725 CE (AD) - A water escapement is invented in the far east
  • 900 CE(AD) - Pocket sundials are employed
  • 1088 CE (AD) - Su Sung implements a water escapement in the "Su Sung clock tower". It is over 30 feet tall and very elaborately adorned.
 1300 CE(AD): Mechanical clocks appear in Italian cities, in towers.
 1500 - 1510: Peter Henlein of Nuremberg invents the spring-powered clock.
1525:
  • Jacob Zech of Prague invents the fusee
  • Gruet also works on and perfects the fusee
 1582: Galileo creates the pendulum-clock concept, but wasn't able to build it before his death.
1656: Christiaan Huygens (Dutch) invents the hair-spring, about the same time as Hooke from England
1671: William Clement of London begins to build clocks with an "anchor" or "recoil" escapement
1675: Huygens creates the Balance Wheel and spring assembly
1704: Nicholas Facio (Swiss) introduced Jeweled bearings
1721: George Graham creates a pendulum that adjusts for temperature change
1761:
  • John Harrison builds a marine chronometer with a spring and balance wheel escapement that wins the British Government's prize established in 1714.
  • Harrison also develops friction reduction techniques during the 1760s
1764: John Harrison builds the Gridiron pendulum
1880: Pierre Curie of France discovers piezoelectricity
1888: Friedrich Reinitzer of Austria discovers the liquid crystal property
1889:
  • Siegmund Riefler builds a nearly free pendulum clock that become standard in astronomical labs
  • Otto Lehmann coins the term "liquid crystal" inspired by Reinitzer's work
1895: Seiko in Japan creates the first Japanese pocketwatch
1898: R. J. Rudd develops the first true "free pendulum clock"
1913: Seiko in Japan creates the first Japanese wristwatch, dubbed "The Laurel"
1921: W. H. Shortt develops another true "free pendulum clock"
1923:
  • G. W. Pierce's research on Crystal Oscillators lays the groundwork for Cady to develop the Crystal Oscillator
  • 1923+, Walter Guyton Cady develops the first Crystal Oscillator
1927: Warren Marrison develops the first quartz crystal oscillator clock
1940: The Swiss establish the Laboratoire Suisse de Recherches Horologeres (LSRH)
1946: The Hamilton Watch company develops the "Hamilton Electric 500" between 1946 and 1957. It is an abysmal market failure due to a flawed design, and short battery life.
1955: Max Hetzel of Switzerland creates prototypes of watches using Tuning Forks as opposed to the balance wheel.
1961: Seiko Japan creates the 951, their first quartz crystal chronometer
1962: The Swiss establish the Centre Electronique Horloger (CEH)
1967:
  • From the CEH come Quartz watch prototypes
  • Seiko Japan sells the 953 Pocketwatch and Wristwatch, both Quartz powered
1968: Juergen Staudte creates a process for mass production of quartz oscillators while working at North American Avionics (which became Rockwell)
1969: Seiko Japan sells the 35SQ Astron, the first commercially available quartz watch on Christmas, December 25th
1970:
  • From the CEH comes the Beta 21, on sale April 10 1970, a quartz crystal watch
  • The Pulsar, a joint product between Hamilton and Electrodata is announced on April 4; developed by John Bergey and Dick Walton
1972: The Pulsar is on the Market





  1. Earliest Clocks. National Instute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved on 2008-01-29.