Gravitational lens

In a gravitational lensing scenario, light traveling from a distant astronomical source (e.g. a galaxy) to an observer is deflected by the gravitational field of an intermediate object (e.g. a cluster of galaxies), therefore designated the gravitational lens. Because of this, the observer will see the source in a direction different from the one in which the source would be observed if the gravitational lens were absent. Furthermore, it is possible for light rays to reach the observer by multiple paths, causing multiple images of the same source to appear.

History

In Newtonian mechanics, the path of a test particle in a gravitational field does not depend on the mass of the test particle. For this reason, one can argue that even in the absolute space and time of Newton, light does not always go in a straight line, but can be deflected noticably by objects with a sufficiently strong gravitational field. In 1804, J. von Soldner was the first one to publish the Newtonian value of the deflection angle:

${\hat {\alpha }}_{Newtonian}={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}d}}$

In this equation, G is the gravitational constant, M the mass of the object deflecting the light, c is the speed of light and d is the impact parameter of the light ray.