Australia

Australia is the name of both the smallest of the seven continents and of the nation which occupies it. Geographically, Australia is the westernmost land mass of Oceania, south of Papua New Guinea, with the Indian Ocean to the west, the South Pacific Ocean to the east, and the Southern Ocean directly between it and Antarctica. The Commonwealth of Australia is the only sovereign nation which occupies an entire continent: it also includes the island of Tasmania, smaller adjacent islands, and the Australian Antarctic Territory. Australia has been inhabited by the Australian Aborigines for tens of thousands of years. It was discovered by Europeans in 1606 and claimed for Great Britain by Captain James Cook in 1770. The first European settlement in Australia was established by the British at Sydney on 26 January 1788. The six British colonies in Australia federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. Australia is a member of the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations, and is a close ally of the United States.

History

Australia was probably first inhabited between 40,000 and 45,000 years ago, although other studies conclude that it may have been much longer ago than this. It is possible that the first inhabitants migrated from Asia.

Before colonisation by the British in 1788, Australia was inhabited by indigenous people now called Aborigines. These people lived nomadic lives in tribes, located throughout all of Australia, including the deserts, but especially along the coast. Their population remained stable over the duration of their existence, and they remained hunter-gatherers until the British arrived. Notable inventions by the Aborigines include the boomerang and the didgeridoo. The Aborigines, like many other ethnic groups, were rich in oral tradition. They created mythological stories known collectively as the Dreaming (Aborigines' preferred name for what is also commonly know as the Dreamtime). These stories cover areas such as the creation of various landmarks, rivers and star constellations. Many Aborigines exist today, and there is a large ethnically mixed population with Aboriginal inheritance as well. Some Aborigines are able to continue their native traditions and some have been assimilated into the larger society, while others remain at odds with society in general and feel that they have not been been adequately compensated for many years of disenfranchisement and mistreatment. Recently, many initiatives have been taken to increase the quality of life of the Aborigines. An important step in improving relations between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians was Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's speech of 13 February 2008. Rudd apologised for past wrongs against Aborigines and spoke of a future in which Australians of all races were united.

A gold rush in the 19th Century caused waves of immigration and led to a period of expansion, political organisation and prosperity, but the century closed with a decade-long period of economic depression. Australian federation took place on 1 January 1901.

Australia played a major role during World War I, most notably in the Battle of Gallipoli, an attempt to open a route to the European mainland through the Dardanelles. However, due to poor intelligence leading to a miscalculation of enemy numbers and several other factors, the campaign was an overall failure. Despite this, Australians commemorate the landings at Gallipoli and the ensuing battle on ANZAC Day.

During World War II, Australia raised forces of 858,000 men out of a population of 7 million. It sent the AIF with most of the army to help the British in Libya and the Middle East, and part of the air force to Britain; it sent troops to Singapore just before it was captured. Japan's thrust to the south, including a "little Pearl Harbor" at Darwin, seemed to threaten an invasion, as the Australians drew up plans to hold the line at Brisbane if invaded. The Japanese did invade New Guinea but when they moved south it was stopped by the U.S. Navy at the Battle of Coral Sea. The Japanese did not plan to invade Australia, but did want to cut the trans-Pacific shipping lines. Australia then shifted to a close alliance with the United States, welcoming theatre commander Douglas MacArthur and putting its combat forces under his command as a million Yanks came through (with 500,000 at the peak in May 1944). Years of jungle fighting drove the Japanese out of New Guinea, and at war's end the Australian army had invaded Borneo.

Australia took part in both the Vietnam War and second Iraq War. The government supports the "War on Terrorism", although, as in the United States, this campaign has both its supporters and detractors in the general population.

Population

In August 2008, the population of Australia is estimated to be around 21.4 million.

Population distribution

In 2006, more than two-thirds (68%) of the Australian population (20.7 million at that time) lived in major cities, the remaining 32% living in regional and remote areas. The only part of Australia in which a significant proportion of the population is considered to live in remote (21.7%) or very remote (23.5%) areas is the Northern Territory. For all other states and territories, populations in those categories are in single digits (or even fractions of percentage points).

Population growth

Between 1996 and 2006 the Australian population grew by 2.4 million at an average annual rate of 1.2%. The greatest growth took place in the major cities, at an average annual rate of 1.6%. The population of inner regional areas continued to grow (0.8%) and that of outer regional areas remained generally stable, but in remote and very remote areas the population underwent a decline (-0.4% and -0.3% respectively) over the decade. Over the last five years of the decade, however, population growth slowed in the major cities and increased in the other areas.

Demographic characteristics

In 2006, the ratio of males to females in Australia was 99 to 100. There were more women than men in the major cities and inner regional areas, but this situation was reversed in more remote areas. The highest ratio of males to females was in very remote areas (113 males for every 100 females), probably because of the types of male-dominated industries common in those areas – agriculture, mining, etc.

The median age of the Australian population in 2006 was 37 years. In major cities, the median age was 36, in inner regional areas 39, and outer regional areas 38.

Australia's population is ageing. Between June 2001 and June 2006 the proportion of males and females aged 19 years and younger decreased, while the proportion of the population aged 55 or older generally increased. The median age of the population (the age at which half the population is younger and half older), was 36.6 years in June 2006, up from the 35.7 years in June 2001 and 34 years in June 1996.

Indigenous Australian population

At 30 June 2006, the preliminary estimated population of Indigenous Australians (Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders) was 517,200, some 2.5% of the total population. In marked contrast with the population as a whole, in 2006 only 32% of Indigenous people lived in major cities, significantly lower than the 68% of the general population who do so. Some 43% of Indigenous people lived in inner or outer regional areas, 10% in remote areas and 16% in very remote areas. Indigenous people therefore made up 48% of the overall population in very remote areas and 16% in remote areas.

The majority of Indigenous people live in New South Wales (29%), Queensland (28%), Western Australia (15%) and the Northern Territory (13%).

Indigenous Australians comprise only a small percentage of the total population in the states and the Australian Capital Territory. In the Northern Territory, by contrast, almost one-third of the population is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin.

States and territories

Australia is divided into five states and two major territories, as well as several smaller territories with varying degrees of inhabitation. Each state and major territory has a capital city. The capital territory of Australia is the Australian Capital Territory, and the capital city of Australia is Canberra.

• Australian Capital Territory (ACT) - Canberra
• Victoria (VIC) - Melbourne
• New South Wales (NSW) - Sydney
• Queensland (QLD) - Brisbane
• South Australia (SA) - Adelaide
• Northern Territory (NT) - Darwin
• Western Australia (WA) – Perth
• Tasmania (TAS) - Hobart

Economy

Australia a strong economy and a per capita GDP (US$37,500, 2007 est.) comparable with the four most powerful European economies. The economy has in recent years been buoyed by strong business and consumer confidence, and by robust export prices for raw materials and agricultural produce. Over the past almost two decades the Australian government has emphasised economic reform and low inflation, encouraged a booming housing market, and strengthened ties with China, which has led to relatively consistent expansion of the economy.

An extended drought across much of rural Australia, high demand for imports, and a strong currency have, however, led to an increased trade deficit in recent years. Constraints on export growth and inflation concerns have been created by infrastructure bottlenecks and a tight labour market.

Despite this, however, strong revenue growth has seen the Australian budget remain in surplus since 2002.

Politics

Australia is a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. She is represented by the governor-general, who holds broad, but for the most part nominal, executive powers.

Australia’s head of government is Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The Deputy Prime Minister is Julia Gillard. The Opposition is the Liberal Party, led by Brendan Nelson.

The Australian system of government is based on that of the United Kingdom (the Westminster system), with elements of that of the USA. Parliament comprises two houses. The House of Representatives (lower house) is where most legislature is initiated. Members of Parliament in this house are elected to represent seats based on population. The Senate (upper house) is generally considered a house of review. Each state of the Commonwealth of Australia elects an equal number of Senators. Unlike many other countries, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens aged 18 or over.

Australia has close relations with the United States and Asia, and has special trade treaties with both. Australia currently has a free-trade agreement with the United States.

Further reading

• Bambrick, Susan ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Australia (1994)
• Appleton, Richard, and Barbara Appleton. The Cambridge Dictionary of Australian Places (1993)
• Barker, Anthony. What Happened When: A Chronology of Australia from 1788. Allen & Unwin. 2000. online edition
• Clarke, Frank G. The History of Australia (2002). online edition
• Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds. The Oxford Companion to Australian History, (2001) excerpt and text search
• Firth, Stewart. Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy (2005). online edition
• Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding (1988).
• Jupp, James, ed. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins (2nd ed. 2002) 960pp excerpt and text search
• Moran, Anthony. Australia: Nation, Belonging, and Globalization (2004) online edition
• O'Shane, Pat et al. Australia: The Complete Encyclopedia (2001)
• Penney, Barry. Australia - Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette (2006)
• Shaw, John, ed. Collins Australian Encyclopedia (1984)
• Serle. Percival, ed. Dictionary of Australian Biography (1949)online edition

External Links

Australian Government Website

Indigenous Australians Government Website