Church of Scotland

The Church of Scotland is the established national Church of Scotland. It is Calvinistic in doctrine and Presbyterian in government and discipline. It was formed in the mid-16th century by John Knox (1514-1572) and the Protestant Lords of the Congregation. When Mary I became Queen in 1553 Knox fled to Switzerland, where he was strongly influenced by the Calvinist theology of John Calvin of Geneva; he sent many letters and pamphlets back to Scotland in returned in 1559.

The Presbyterianism which replaced the Latin Roman Catholic services and episcopal system of government was then regularized by the adoption of the Scots Confession, Knox's Liturgy, and the First Book of Discipline (replaced by the Second Book of Discipline in 1581). These innovations were at once opposed by the Erastian Stuart monarchy, and this opposition was not resolved until the signing of the National Covenant of 1638 and the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643, by the latter of which the Scottish Church adopted the Westminster symbols as permanent standards of doctrine, worship, and government. These symbols were the Westminster Confession, the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, the Directory for the Public Worship of God, the Form of Presbyterian Church Government, and the new version of the Metrical Psalms. Following the return of Charles II to the throne in Restoration of 1660 and the "killing time" of the Covenanters, Presbyterianism was guaranteed as the national form of religion by the Revolution Settlement of 1690 and the Act of Union that merged Scotland and England of 1707.

Through the next two centuries major schisms occurred within the Church over the questions of patronage and state control. The principal separation Churches were the First Secession Church of 1733, the Relief Church of 1761, and the Free Church of 1843, all Presbyterian. The last one hundred years, however, have witnessed the vital reunion of these several bodies, culminating in 1929 in the joining of the United Free Church and the State Church as the Church of Scotland. The Church of Scotland had about 960,000 adult members in 1980.

Bibliography

• Brown, Callum G. Religion and Society in Scotland since 1707. Edinburgh U. Press, 1997. 219 pp.
• Buchan, John. The Kirk in Scotland, 1560-1929 (1985)
• Burleigh, J.H.S. A Church History of Scotland (1962), short and impartial
• Marshall, Rosalind K. John Knox. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2000. 244 pp.
• Todd, Margo. The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. Yale U. Press, 2002. 450 pp.
• Wormald, Jenny. Court, Kirk and Community, Scotland 1470-1625 (1981), in The New History of Scotland excerpt and text search