Kazakhstan

(PD) Image: CIA
Kazakhstan, in central Asia

(CC) Image: George Swan
Directly over Astana, Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan (Officially Қазақстан Республикасы — the Republic of Kazakhstan) is a country in Central Asia and Europe. Kazakhstan is the 9th largest country in the world with a territory of 2,727,300 km² and the largest landlocked country. Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, with a population density of less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). It has borders with Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and China.

History

For most of its history the territory of modern-day Kazakhstan has been inhabited by nomadic tribes. By the 16th century the Kazakhs emerged as a distinct group, divided into three hordes. The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century all of Kazakhstan was part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganized several times before becoming the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic in 1936, a part of the USSR. During the 20th century, Kazakhstan was the site of major Soviet projects, including Khrushchev's Virgin Lands campaign, the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and the Semipalatinsk "Polygon", the USSR's primary nuclear weapon testing site. Kazakhstan declared itself an independent country on December 16, 1991, the last Soviet republic to do so.

Culture

Kazakhstan is ethnically and culturally diverse, in part due to mass deportations of many ethnic groups to the country during Stalin's rule. Kazakhs are the largest group, followed by Russians. Kazakhstan allows freedom of religion, and many different beliefs are represented in the country. Islam is the primary religion, followed by Orthodox Christianity. The official language is Kazakh, and Russian is a language of interethnic communication.

Security

As well as known terrorist groups, the government has been tightening control on Hizb ut-Tahir, an Islamic group that professes nonviolence, although might have ties to other organizations. They report finding explosives with "Salafist Groups" with general ties.

Kazakhstan has joined the NATO Partnership for Peace {PfP) program, one of whose requirements is to have interoperable military equipment, which means iscrapping contemporary Russian and old Warsaw Pact arms in favor of Western ones), committing to a minimum military budget, the purging of "politically unreliable" personnel from military, defense and security posts, training abroad in NATO military academies, hosting U.S. Alliance military exercises, and instructing the officer corps in a common language - English - for joint overseas operations."