Liquid extraction
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Extraction
Solvent Extraction is a process that separates components in a matrix by contact with another liquid. Typical extractions include, liquid-solid extractions, liquid-liquid extractions and Supercritical extractions. Separation is based on the compounds’ physical and chemical properties.
Extraction is widely used in the chemical and biochemical industries. It often is the most efficient method of separation. Some extraction techniques involve partition between two immiscible liquids, others involve either continuous extractions or batch extractions.
Due to environmental concerns some of the solvents used have become environmentally friendly. The process itself have been modified to make use of more environmentally friendly solvents. The solvents could vary from vapor, supercritical fluid, or liquid.
History
Solvent extraction is an old practice done for years. It is the main process in perfume development and it is also used to obtain dyes from various sources.
Modern use has made this process an essential practice in scientific laboratories. In 1872 Berthelot and Jungfleisch introduced the concept of the partition coefficient. Followed by an introduction in phase equilibrium by Gibbs. Many of these advances occurred as the chemical industry grew as well.
Further research and improvements to the process affected the commercial applications. Due to the advantages of solvent extraction various chemical treatment methods for refining coal tar products and mineral oil were replaced.
Design and Operation
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Liquid-liquid extraction is a process for separating the components of a liquid (the feed) by contact with a second liquid phase (the solvent). The process takes advantage of differences in the chemical properties of the feed components, such as differences in polarity and hydrophobic/hydrophilic character, to separate them. Stated more precisely, the transfer of components from one phase to the other is driven by a deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium, and the equilibrium state depends on the nature of the interactions between the feed components and the solvent phase. The potential for separating the feed components is determined by differences in these interactions.
SuperCritical Extraction
Supercritical extractions are possible with the use of supercritical fluids. A supercritical fluid has a pressure and temperature above its critical point. These fluids display unique characteristics that enable then to be used as solvents. The density of these fluids are relatively high, and consequently they have high solvation power.
Separation is achieved by decreasing the pressure or increasing the temperature of the mixture that leaves the extraction column.
Solvent Selection for Liquid Extraction
Selectivity: How effective a solvent is dependent on the solution being separated and the concentration of solutes present in the solutions. The ratio of ratios, the separation factor, or selectivity, β, is analogous to the relative volatility of distillation. E and R are equilibrium phases, C and A are solutions being separated. Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle β= (wt fraction C in E )/(wt fraction A in E)/(wt fraction C in R)/(wt fraction A in R) = }
A good extraction will occur when the selectivity exceeds unity. If selectivity is ever in unity no separation would occur.
Distribution Coefficient: In our example this is the ratio at equilibrium. Less solvent is required for the extraction the larger this ratio is.
Insolubility of Solvent: The solvent must be insoluble to the solution being extracted.
Recoverability: After extraction is completed the solvent must be recovered. This recovery is usually done through distillation, making sure no azeotrope is formed, and mixtures should show high relative volatility for low-cost recovery. Any substance in the extract, either solvent or solute must be present in small concentrations and be more volatile in order to reduce heat costs. If the solvent must be volatized, its latent heat of vaporization should be small.
Density: A difference in densities of the saturated liquid phases is necessary, both for stagewise and continuous-contact equipment operation. The larger this difference the better.
Interfacial Tension: Similar to surface tension in which cohesive forces are involved. However, the main force involved is the adhesive force between the liquid phase of one substance and the phase of another substance. The interaction occurs at the surfaces of the substances involved, is at their interfaces. The larger the interfacial tension the more readily will coalescence of emulsions occur, but the more difficult will the dispersion of one liquid in the other be.
Chemical Reactivity: The solvent should be stable chemically and inert toward the other components of the system and toward the common materials of construction.
Viscosity, vapor pressure, and freezing point:These should be low for ease in handling and storage.
Other: Solvent should be nontoxic, nonflammable, and of low cost.
Applications
This section should discuss how the process is used in practice.[2]
Examples
If you have used a lot of equations in your article, this may be a good place to show an example of how they are used. See the article on the Antoine Equation for an example.