Sustainable development

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Sustainable development has also been defined as the process of balancing the need of humans for economic and social development with the need to protect the natural and built environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. The term was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need."

The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into four constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and political sustainability.

Scope and definitions

Sustainable development does not focus solely on environmental issues. More broadly, sustainable development policies encompass three general policy areas: economic, environmental and social. In support of this, several United Nations texts, most recently the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, refer to the "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development as economic development, social development, and environmental protection.

The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) elaborates further the concept by stating that "...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature”; it becomes “one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence". In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development.

Sustainable Development can also be explained as a process rather than an end goal. This process requires further analysis and knowledge of alternatives than does traditional development processes. Simply put, if there are two alternatives that satisfy the same need, but one provides a better solution relative to sustainability, the more sustainable alternative is chosen.

Green development is generally differentiated from Sustainable development in that Green development prioritizes environmental sustainability over economic and cultural sustainability. Green development is not necessarily practical in all applications, so sustainable development provides a context in which to improve overall sustainability when cutting edge Green development is unattainable. For example, a cutting edge treatment plant with extremely high maintenance costs may not be sustainable in regions of the world with less financial resources. An ideal plant that is shut down due to bankruptcy is obviously less sustainable than one that is maintainable by the indigenous community, even if it is somewhat less effective from an environmental standpoint.

Some research activities start from this definition to show that the environment we inherited and that we will transmit to future generations is a combination of nature and culture. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a Diverse World" SUS.DIV, sponsored by the European Union, works in this direction. It integrates multidisciplinary capacities and interprets cultural diversity as a key element of a new strategy for sustainable development.

The United Nations Division for Sustainable Developments lists the following areas as coming within the scope of Sustainable Development;

• Agriculture
• Atmosphere
• Biodiversity
• Biotechnology
• Capacity-building
• Climate Change
• Consumption and Production Patterns
• Demographics
• Desertification and Drought
• Disaster Reduction and Management
• Education and Awareness
• Renewable Energy
• Finance
• Forests
• Fresh Water
• Health
• Human Settlements
• Indicators
• Industry
• Information for Decision Making and Participation
• Integrated Decision Making
• International Law
• International Cooperation for Enabling Environment
• Institutional Arrangements
• Land management
• Major Groups
• Mountains
• National Sustainable Development Strategies
• Oceans and Seas
• Poverty
• Sanitation
• Science
• Small Islands
• Sustainable tourism
• Technology
• Toxic Chemicals
• Trade and Environment
• Transport
• Waste (Hazardous)
• Waste (Radioactive)
• Waste (Solid)
• Water

Sustainable development is an ambiguous concept, as a wide array of views have fallen under its umbrella. The concept has included notions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology. Different conceptions also reveal a strong tension between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Thus, the concept remains weakly defined and contains a large amount of debate as to its precise definition.

Environmental sustainability

Environmental degradation is the damage to the biosphere as a whole due to human activity. Environmental degradation occurs when nature's resources (such as trees, habitat, earth, water and air) are being consumed faster than nature can replenish them, when pollution results in irreparable damage done to the environment or when human beings destroy or damage ecosystems in the process of development. Environmental degradation can take many forms including, but not limited to, desertification, deforestation, extinction and radioactivity. Some of the major causes of such degradation include: man-made climate change from GHGs, overpopulation, urban sprawl, industrial pollution, waste dumping, intensive farming, over fishing, industrialization, introduction of invasive species and a lack of environmental regulations.

The goal of environmental sustainability is to minimize these, and other causes, to halt and, ideally, reverse the processes they lead to.

An unsustainable situation occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity, at a minimum, only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally.

Theoretically, the long term final result of environmental degradation would result in local environments that are no longer able to sustain human populations to any degree. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.

In the short-term, environmental degradation leads to declining standards of living, the extinctions of large numbers of species, health problems in the human population, conflicts, sometimes violent, between groups fighting for a dwindling resource, water scarcity and many other major problems.

Consumption of renewable resources	State of environment	Sustainability
More than nature's ability to replenish	Environmental degradation	Not sustainable
Equal to nature's ability to replenish	Environmental equilibrium	Steady-state Sustainability
Less than nature's ability to replenish	Environmental renewal	Sustainable development

Criticism of the term

Many environmentalists have criticized some interpertations of the term "sustainable development" as an oxymoron, claiming that economic policies based on concepts of growth and continued depletion of resources cannot be sustainable, since that term implies resources remain constant.

Many people prefer the term "developing sustainability", as it does not imply that something needs to be created. Simply that we need to alter the way we exist.

Development Project Examples

• Ecological System Designs for the Indigenous Community of Maruata, Michoacan, Mexico
• Mount Everest Foundation

See Also

• Dashboard of Sustainability
• World energy resources and consumption
• Development simulator (sustainable or not): lincity

External links and resources

• Sustainable Systems International (SSI) - Helping create sustainable initiatives.

• Sustainable Development, international press information - Ddurable.com International Information website about Sustainable development, all their is to know about what is going on, latest news and many useful links.
• ANPED, the Northern Alliance for Sustainability - International network focusing on sustainable production and consumption
• International Institute for Sustainable Development at Colorado State University
• Seeing the Possibilities
• Green Building Checklists
• Green Building Council - http://www.cascadiagbc.org
• International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics (IJEES) - http://www.ceser.res.in/ijees.html
• UN Sustainable Development - The UN Division of Sustainable
• UK Sustainable Development Commission - The UK Government's independent watchdogs on sustainable development
• [1] - U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development, dedicated to making the U.S. public literate about our global sustainability challenges and engaged in the solutions. Links to sustainable development information in higher education, business, K-12, youth, faith, arts and community sectors.
• Sustainable Development Index - Review of sustainable development portals and suggestions for making these issues reader-friendly
• Port of Entry
• Advent Calendar on Sustainable Development 24 Case Studies on sustainable development
• International Business Leaders Forum - a not-for-profit organisation which works with businesses to improve their contribution to sustainability
• International Organization for Sustainable Development - Specialized international organization that also offers distance degree programs in Sustainable Development
• directory of development organizations, dedicated to good governance, sustainable development and poverty reduction.
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development - Major business organization dedicated to sustainable development
• The Dutch Network for Sustainable Development in Higher Education
• Tellus Institute - Organization that uses scenario analysis to inform Sustainable Development practices
• Appropedia - a wiki focused on sustainable international development and poverty reduction
• [2] - a sustainable development taking place south of Leeds city centre in the UK, aimed at growing sustainable communities through the re-use of architecturally important buildings from the Industrial Revolution.
• World Sustainable Energy Days.
• Sustainable Development in Amazonia